When I Have Fears The Liberty Of Limitations - 1077 Words

Drew Lieske Dr. Lindley Eng-105-15 08 November 2015 â€Å"When I Have Fears:† The Liberty of Limitations In the early nineteenth century, John Keats and other lyricists entered an era of passionate speculation on the condition of man, art and nature. It is thus no surprise that Keats’ 1818 poem, â€Å"When I Have Fears,† is packed with fervent, emotional content. Like many of his poems, â€Å"When I Have Fears† has been understood to be about Keats’ justifiable doubts about mortality, having been born into a family beleaguered by terminal illness. This particular Shakespearean sonnet, however, stands out from the rest because it sketches a more nuanced depiction of death. Though death is indeed the root of his anxieties, this poem reveals that the speaker is ironically also able to achieve a kind of perspective on the world through the very nature of his own mortality. An acceptance and understanding of death’s perceived limitations seem to grant Keats an unconscious freedom that allows him to transcend, or overcome, his future uncertainties. Keats demonstrates this freedom in â€Å"When I Have Fears† by incorporating elegant paradoxes, imagery and naturalistic metaphors that accentuate the comfort and control that accepting fate can paradoxically provide during times of pain and death. The author presents a metaphorical image of an autumn harvest in the first quatrain that reveals the speaker’s ability to find freedom in accepting his own limitations. In the proceeding quotation, KeatsShow MoreRelatedPhilosophical Approach Of John Stuart Mill1686 Words   |  7 Pagesthe conception of liberty is? Liberty has the ability to challenge ideas of the past into new ones. Mill expressed his understanding about liberty in several ways in his essay named, On Liberty. In this paper, I will strongly explain the significance of quotation, assumptions mills argument depends upon, limitations in the right of free speech and agreement with Mill’s points of view. Without further ado; let me activate the critical analysis of Mill’s approach regarding liberty. To commence, Mill’sRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. These are things the government is restricted to do, by the constitution. Things that could interfere with personal freedom. 3 For example, the 1st amendment says thatRead MoreThe Prevailing Trend Of Contemporary European Nation1656 Words   |  7 Pages The prevailing trend of contemporary European nation-states: sacrificing liberty in the name of security. By Kadi Diallo We live in tumultuous times, the contemporary modern state is facing unprecedented challenges to maintaining peace and stability within its borders from external and internal threats. The rise of terrorism, war, and conflicts have resulted in global instability and insecurity. As such, security agencies are scrutinized for their shortcomingsRead MorePros and Cons on the Patriot Act Essay730 Words   |  3 Pagesnot fully read the act. Due to the anthrax scare many Congressman did not have access to their offices. Attorney General John Ashcroft silenced any debate by warning that anyone who contested the Act would be akin to a traitor abetting the terrorist.(Podesta, 2001) Congress had rejected many of the provisions previously debated. It was a recycled compilation of many extreme wish lists. In the post 9/11 wake of fear, it became a reality. Executive Authority The events of September 11 convincedRead MoreFree Speech And Hate Speech1000 Words   |  4 Pagescontrast between free speech and hate speech is a heavily discussed topic in today’s society, for good reason. The differences between the two can be blurred and hard to distinguish at times. This is because the very definition of hate speech is disputed. I was taught in class, and know, hate speech to be any language that incites violence upon a particular religion, race, or any classification of individuals. Because threatening violence upon a group violates their constitutional rights that is where theRead MoreThe Life of Galileo Context Essay.1518 Words   |  7 Pagesto conflict| Rosie Liberow As a young child, I always wanted to be bigger, older and wiser. I dreamed of being in high school, or being a perfect well dressed secretary working in an office. Yet they say time flies when you’re having fun, but it seems now that I yearn for those times again, those boundaries and limitations. Freedom is daunting; the world is big and dangerous and I often find myself wishing I was young again. For me, the liberty I do have only brings more questions and confusion intoRead MoreEssay Exploring John Mills Harm Principle1580 Words   |  7 Pagesrace to function. On the other hand, freedom can be taken advantage of, thus resulting in harmful consequences to those directly and indirectly involved. The article, â€Å"On Liberty† by John S. Mills, places emphasis on the functioning of individual liberty and its co-existence with society. Mills stresses the limits of individual liberty through what is famously known as his Harm Principle: the only purpose for which power may be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against hisRead MoreWith Liberty and Justice for All1579 Words   |  7 PagesIn a time of transition when people began to question the purpose of government, fifty-five men who represented thirteen victorious colonies of the new world gathered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They gathered here to discuss and develop a government never before know to the world. This revolutionary idea of government would forever change the way the world looked at power and liberty, but in order to produce such a government the fifty-five delegates would have to answer a couple questions firstRead MoreCivil Liberties And The Government Of The United States1178 Words   |  5 Pagesviolated many civil liberties. A democracy requires high levels of civil rights, liberties, and political openness in order for its citizens to fully participate in political election, and other governmental activities; however, the demands of national s ecurity usually require much less openness, secrecy, and limitations on civil rights and liberties. Throughout history there have been times were large numbers of individuals have experienced political discrimination and have had great difficultyRead MoreThe Truth About Boys And Girls850 Words   |  4 Pagesconstitution it says people have the freedom of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Then why are gays afraid to come out, and why are females forced into sex trafficking? There are limitations on our freedom. Both speaker Chris Baker, and the article The Truth about Boys and Girls demonstrate how society’s influence puts limitations on people’s freedom. Stereotypes and generalizations about boys and girls is an example of how people have freedom with limitations. The Truth about Boys and

Same Sex Marriage Across The Whole World - 1507 Words

There is a long standing debate regarding same-sex marriage across the whole world. Many religious institutions as well as the people under each denomination, still firmly oppose it even after it’s legalization. â€Å"Religious denominations play a strong role in structuring attitudes about the morality of homosexuality, and support for specific policies of toleration and nondiscrimination† (Sherkat, Mattias de Vries and Creek 81). Religion continues to be a major factor towards the society’s views in same-sex marriage. It also determines how the scriptures in the bible regarding homosexuality are interpreted. â€Å"Fully 85% of those who are religiously unaffiliated favor same-sex marriage, as do 62% of white mainline Protestants and 56% of†¦show more content†¦God s design for marital relationship is heterosexual and monogamous – that both man and woman complement one another. In the accounts of the creation, man is created in the likeness and image of God, where they come together as one. Eve is created through Adam’s rib, which means that Adam’s equal is found with a woman. Their roles as man and woman and their purpose are defined through their anatomical differences. God s ideal exclusiveness of this relationship disallows any other relationship other than man and woman. In the first letter of Paul to the Corinthians, â€Å"Do you not know that wrongdoers will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived! Fornicators, idolaters, adulterers, male prostitutes, sodomites†¦ none of these will inherit the kingdom of God† (The New Oxford Annotated Bible with Apocryoha: New Revised Standard Version, Cor. 6.9-10). In Paul’s letters, he had talked about other sexual relations besides that of a man and a woman. This is seen as a rejection of God’s design and purpose of the humankind. Which leads to his argument in his letter to the Romans that causes the fall of humanity (Hvalvik 15 0). Another popular reason as to why same-sex marriage is opposed is due to the assumption of what the main purpose of marriage is: to conceive children. It states in the book of Genesis, â€Å"And God blessed them, and God said to them, â€Å"Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth

Ikea Advertising Appeals Free Essays

STUDY ABOUT 360-DEGREE EVALUATION: THE PROS AND CONS OF MULTI-SOURCE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL INTRODUCTION: In an organization employees are the important asset and play a significant role in the progress of an organization. Nowadays firms usually focus on the human capital in the form of the employees by giving them training, assisting them in career development and also work on performance management in order to keep the employees motivated and dedicated by giving them feedback through performance appraisals. Through these performance appraisals the employees are informed about their strengths that they can enhance and about their weaknesses that they can improve in the future. We will write a custom essay sample on Ikea Advertising Appeals or any similar topic only for you Order Now Multi-source performance appraisal or 360-degree evaluation is basically a process in which the feedback is collected from different people that interacts with employee like his supervisors, coworkers, bosses, can be stakeholders etc. It is an important tool for Human Resource Management as the feedback is collected through the questionnaires in which the employees are asked to rate the particular employee in his performance and behavior. Its main purpose is to provide a healthy feedback to the employee that can highlight his strong and weak points and also helps in the development and the training of the employee. The feedback that is collected from different people is discussed between the manager and the particular employee. In this performance appraisal method the identity of a person who is filling the survey form is not shared with that particular employee. It also gives an impression to the employee that what other people think of him as in traditional appraisal method only the supervisor of particular employee gives the feedback about his performance but now due to involvement of people from different departments and different levels make the assessment less subjective and may be more accurate and honest. If one person says something about the employee then their can be chances of biasness but if many people says the same thing and without the influence of someone then we can say that their might be something wrong or something good about that particular person. As nothing is perfect in this world, which means that there are some pros and cons of 360 degree evaluation method. This paper highlights the advantages and disadvantages of multi-source performance appraisal and also mentions some recommendation that can be used while implementing this performance appraisal method. The main importance is given on the pros and cons of this method that can help the organization to decide whether to continue with the traditional appraisal method or to go with 360-degree evaluation method. ANALYSIS: The multi-source performance appraisal method plays a vital role for employees. It makes the employees to think about their attitude and behavior and about others perception about them. It also identifies the areas in which a particular employee performed well and also where he could not come up to the expectations. There are a lot of advantages and disadvantages of multi-source performance appraisal which are as follows: ?Advantages of Multi-Source Performance Appraisal Method: The main advantage of this method is that it provides feedback from different levels of organization and it is not restricted to supervisor or the manager as in the traditional performance appraisal method, as shown in the Appendix-I. In this method the employee is the centre of attention of all the people and the main goal of this method is to make the performance of that employee better than before as shown in Appendix-II. Due to the use of rating from different people, 360 degree evaluation method enhances the quality of the performance procedures and gives a detailed view. This method is useful to the supervisor as it can provide more authentic assessment of the performance of the employee and can help to eradicate the chances of biasness due to which it becomes easier for the supervisor to come to a certain conclusion related to that particular worker. Another advantage of this method is that through this feedback the top managers can make decisions related to the promotion or sometimes extermination of an employee. It also helps to highlight those areas in which the employee can be trained and it is also beneficial in the employee development. This appraisal method can be beneficial for those people who are in inferiority complex and underestimate themselves, to change their mindset and remain motivated after getting a positive feedback from their co-workers, bosses etc. One of the major benefits of this method is that it reduces the chance of discrimination as the feedback is collected from a very diverse group of individuals. It is an important tool to bring a change in the performance of an employee that result in organizational effectiveness. It is also beneficial in making the performance of the employee parallel with business values. Customer service may be improved by the front line employees by getting feedback from the customers through this method as this provide the opportunity to the employees to think on those areas where they are not performing well. Due to above advantages of multi-source performance appraisal method many big companies like Johnson and Johnson Limited, IBM , Xerox etc. se this method and are very successful in today’s competitive world as this method is more accurate and gives more reliable information than the traditional performance appraisal methods. ?Disadvantages of Multi-Source Performance Appraisal Method: This method had a lot of advantages but there are some disadvantages that may create doubt of whether to opt for this method or not. This method is quite comp lex and time taking and also very costly as it involves a lot of hassle to make the survey form filled from different people and conclude the ratings. This method can be dangerous and can produce very destructive results if it is not conducted properly and also if it is not done correctly then it can become a huge waste of time. This process can become difficult to handle and manage if there are too many people involved. One of the major disadvantages is that sometimes there are questionnaires in which the comments are not clearly understandable and needs some further explanation from those people who filled that form but due to anonymous feedback it is extremely difficult to trace out those people as a result of whom the results may not be so accurate or authentic. Human beings are major part of this method as every individual have personal preferences so there are chances that some people may rank a person in such a way so that an employee looks good or sometimes bad and may also some people got together and form a group and gave evaluation in favor or against of someone. This will probably occur in those conditions when there is no proper checking or supervision that how the questionnaires are being filled. RECOMMENDATIONS: Due to disadvantages of this method it can be difficult for an organization to select this performance appraisal method. So there are some recommendations that can help to control the pitfalls of this method. 360-degree evaluation method should be conducted carefully so that accurate results could be obtained. The managers who are supervising this whole procedure should identify those areas on which they want to collect information for a particular employee like questions related to leadership skills may be asked, or may be related to employee behavior with his subordinates etc. It should also be considered that the questionnaire should not be so long that it consumes a lot of time and the employees utilize most of their work time in filling the survey form. Employees should be trained in such a way that the people who are giving the feedback remain positive and practical rather than considering personal grudges and also those who received the feedback should take it in a constructive way even if it indicates some of the weaknesses of an employee. An employee can be given an option to choose the people from whom feedback he wants but the management has to make sure that they are not his friends or not so close to him. The manager or the supervisor who will communicate the feedback to the particular employee should deal him like a psychologist and should have some training that how to share the feedback with the employee so that he does not react very badly and not become demotivated from the feedback. There are some people who do not want to change themselves so if the appraisal is related to those employees then the supervisor should be careful in communicating the feedback and also try to share the feedback in such a way that he tries to change himself. The identities of the appraisers remain confidential but there should be some source of identification through which the management can identify the person if there is some problem in understanding the comments in their filled form. The employee whose performance is being measured should be treated with great respect and esteem. As the world is changing with the evolution of information technology and organizations are improving their technology in order to remain competitive, this performance appraisal method should be moved from the paper to the computerized system. Software should be installed in order to get online feedback of the multi-source performance appraisal, in this way employees can fill the form online and it will reduce the hassle and also lessen the time of conducting whole procedure. The feedback system should be aligned with the culture of an organization and also the rating instruments should be reliable so that accurate results could be obtained. CONCLUSION: The 360-degree feedback is used by many organizations as this process has become very famous in today’s’ world. This method involves the feedback from different people which can make the feedback more reliable and authentic. Due to a lot of popularity of this method many organizations are now trying to adapt this method so that they could become more competitive in today’s global world. This tool should be used with a lot of care and responsibility so that the results that will be obtained should be authentic. How to cite Ikea Advertising Appeals, Essay examples

Extra Solar Planets Essay Example For Students

Extra Solar Planets Essay Earths Beyond Earth: The Search for Other Worlds In early 1990, the firstextrasolar planet was detected, surprising everyone by its strangeness. Moreplanets have now been discovered outside our solar system than in it. Theseplanets present many great mysteries to the astronomical world. Extrasolarplanets are planets that exist outside our solar system; they are orbiting astar other than our Sun. So far, eighteen have been found, all of them defyingwell-established theories about planets and how they operate (Winters, 46). AsStephen Maran said, The new discoveries remind us that ignorance is not justbliss, it is also a lack of imagination. The newfound planets show us not onlythat a solar system is not a rare commodity, but that ours may be plainvanilla. (73) Finding extrasolar planets is both difficult and complicated. The average star, for instance, is one hundred million times brighter than anyplanet orbiting it (De Grasse Tyson, 87). Picking out a planet against theglare of a star is like trying to spot a 100-watt light bulb next to a100-billion-watt searchlight, says Michael Lemonick (54). Also, earth-sizeplanets are too small to have any significant effect on their star, so they arealmost impossible to detect (De Grasse Tyson, 88). There is, however , a way tofind extrasolar planets without using direct sight: the Doppler Effect. When astar has a planet in its gravitational field, it makes the star appear as if itis wobbling by stretching the light waves and slightly changing thestars color (Maran, 75). A second method of finding a planet is to searchthrough a disk of debris surrounding a star, such as Vega. Chances are that aplanet will exist there (De Grasse Tyson, 87). Out of the detected planets, onlya few have actually been seen, being found by accident by either theHubble Space Telescope or the Infrared Space Observatory (Lemonick, 53). Inshort, planets can only be found in a limited number of ways, and under veryspecific conditions. In general, most extrasolar planets are alike in that theyare all very odd compared to what humans are accustomed. For example, most ofthem orbit around sun-like stars no further than 100 light years from the Sun. Also, they are gas giants, almost all of them being larger than Jupiter, andhave temperatures up to 1800 degrees Fahrenheit (Maran, 74). On the other hand,these planets all have very different orbital patterns; some of them have orbitsthat are extremely close to the star that they orbit, while others have oddelliptical orbits (Naeye, 45). Either way, almost all of these planets differsignificantly from the planets in our solar system. Very little specificinformation is known about most extrasolar planets, but a few have beenresearched extensively and found to have interesting characteristics. Forinstance, 51 Pegasi (all planets being named after their host stars) was thefirst extrasolar planet found, being discovered by Swiss astronomers Mayar andQueloz. This planet is half the mass of Jupiter (seventy-five times more massivethan Mercury), and has the least mass of any of the new planets (Maran, 74). Also, it is 5 million miles from its star, but still manages one orbit in only alittle more than four days (Flamsteed, 80). 70 Virginis, another odd planet, issix times the mass of Jupiter, has extreme weather conditions, and orbitselliptically (Lemonick, 53). Likewise, 47 Ursae Majoris has fierce hurricanes,and is also larger than Jupiter. The planet with the most elliptical orbit knownto man is 16 Cygni B; it travels from 56 million to 250 million miles of itssun. In contrast, 55 Cancri B is an example of a tight-orbiting planet, circlingthe sun closer than mercury is to our sun (Maran, 74). In summary, what we knowabout these planets shows that they are very diverse and strange. Thoughstrangeness may promote curiosity, a major goal in searching for extrasolarplanets is to discover one that resembles ours or possibly harbors life. Thoughstrangeness may bring curiosity, the main motive behind finding extrasolarplanets is to discover one that resembles ours or possibly harbors life ( DeGrasse Tyson, 86). The Holy Grail, says Alan Boss, an Astronomer atCarnegie Institute, is to find an extrasolar planet that is capable ofsupporting life (Lemonick, 56). However, out of the planets discovered sofar, none are thought to be compatible with life for various reasons. First,planets that orbit close to their sun are too hot for life. Second, Pulsars,stars that are most likely to host Earth-like planets, give off too much deadlyradiation. Third, elliptical planets are gaseous and unstable, being up to tentimes more massive than Jupiter. One hope for the possibility of life is if thelarge gas planets have moons like that of Jupiter. Scientists believe that thesemoons may have conditions which would be conducive to support life (Maran, 74). .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e , .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .postImageUrl , .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e , .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:hover , .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:visited , .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:active { border:0!important; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:active , .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d1c91b8045ed46fef66cd4c4de5a12e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Overpopulation EssayThough the chances of there being life on one of these planets is extremelyslim, we may someday detect one that is suitable. Although there has been agreat deal of speculation and optimism about these newly discovered planets,some irrational scientists still refuse to believe in their existence. In the1600s, Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake for saying that there was otherworlds outside our solar system (De Grasse Tyson, 86). Todays punishment isnot nearly as harsh, but often planetary scientists are ridiculed for theirdiscoveries, because in the opinion of some scientists there is a lack ofsubstantial evidence (Maran, 75). How can we be so silly a s to assume that weare the only planetary island in a vast ocean of stars? Also, many theories arebeing eliminated by extrasolar planets, causing stubborn astronomers to becomeuneasy. One instance is the theory of a stars formation; when a star is beingmade, strong winds blow away all debris orbiting near it. The presence of largeplanets with tight orbits contradict this theory. There are also some doubtsabout the Doppler effect, in that it may simply be the result of fluctuations ofthe stars surface, and not planets at all (De Grasse Tyson, 88). Whatconstitutes most doubt, however, is the existence of Brown Dwarf Stars. BrownDwarfs are stars in elliptical orbits around other stars that do not have enoughmass for nuclear reactions in their cores (Winters, 47). They bridge thegap in mass between stars and planets, as Robert Naeye says (45), andalmost always have elliptical orbits (Winters, 46). In fact, brown dwarfs wouldexplain many of these odd planets that have been located. Thus, extrasolar planets are not only unstable in structure, but in existence as well,being doubted and contradicted just as much as supported and proven. Theextrasolar planets that have been found raise more questions, rather than givinganswers. They have shot down theories, confused speculators, and left us withpuzzle pieces that simply do not fit together, according to current theories. Atthe same time, they have opened up doors to new possibilities, expanded ourknowledge, and given us hope for life elsewhere. These new discoveries help usto realize how ignorant we are to the processes of the universe. BibliographyDe Grasse Tyson, Neil. The Search for Planets. Natural History Oct. 1997: 86-9. Flamsteed, Sam. Impossible Planets. Discover Sep. 1997: 78-83. Lemonick, Michael. Searching for Other Worlds. Time Feb. 1997: 52-7. Maran,Stephen. Planets Around Other Stars are Hot Hot Hot. Smithsonian Sep. 1997: 72-6. Naeye, Robert. The Strange New Planetary Zoo. Astronomy Apr. 1997: 42-9. Winters, Jeffrey. Planets by the Dozen. Discover Jan. 1997:46. Astronomy

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essay Example

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixon’s First Inaugural Address 1: The communication was a speech delivered at the White House for Nixon’s presidential inauguration. 2: January 20th, 1969. 3: Richard Nixon, President of the United States 4: The audience was the American people and other nations that had a relationship with the United States. 5: â€Å"The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons Americathe chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind. This is our summons to greatness. I believe the American people are ready to answer this call. † Nixon’s inaugural speech highlighted ending the Vietnam war and closing the Cold War in order to make the world a more secure place. This speech opened Nixon’s presidency as well as opened his foreign policy and goals for his administration. : The importance of this speech is that it shows what Nixon’s ideals were for the nation, that he focused on lofty goals that were clearly influenced by Cold War era thinking and the Vietnam war. The speech also portrays Nixon’s skills as a politician and someone who was aware of the nation’s concerns and knew how to settle those concerns. It also followed the tradition of inaugural speeches of promising a lot of things and being inspiring and hopeful. : It was written to ope n Nixon’s presidency, and to set the tone for his tenure as well as the direction the United States would take in regards to foreign relations. 8: A lot of the United States’ concerns were involved in Vietnam and ending the unpopular war. And it was a popular belief that government was playing too big of a role in people’s lives, which he addresses when he points out that government has spent more money and run more programs than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He says that to improve the country every individual needs to be involved instead of just government bureaucracies. 9: In the entire speech Nixon hints that ending the Vietnam war would bring peace to the world and that national morale would improve, but how could ending one war in one country improve foreign relations so substantially? Did he really think that ending the war in Vietnam would make the world noticeably more peaceful, or did he mean just the United States and Vietnam?

Quality of Life Essays

Quality of Life Essays Quality of Life Essay Quality of Life Essay In general, quality of life or also known as SOL Is Identified as a quality of an individuals daily life. This Includes his or her emotional, social and physical well beings. The factors that play a major role In the quality of life vanes based on a persons choices. This usually Includes family life, Job satisfaction, education, health and safety. A financial decision often Involves a trade-off whereby the quality of life Is decreased so that an individual can save money or the quality of life is increased when an individual spends more money. Even though there are many factors that an influence the quality of life, in this assignment however we will be focusing on four major components that we feel are most crucial and they are: health, education, income, and housing The first factor of quality of life is health. Its a logical reason whereby eating healthy foods and exercising will help maintain the physical quality of your life. However due to some economy challenges, some people cannot afford to eat healthily. Consuming fruits and vegetables are a lot healthier than consuming fast food, but they are a lot more expensive. Plus, most people with low wages cannot afford to Join a gym to exercise. By regularly vaulting doctors, It can help Individuals to be aware of their lifestyle that needs adjustments. With todays health care debate on the political hot list, the economics of health care cant be Ignored when considering the quality of life problems. Medical cares are meant for those individuals who can afford health insurance rewards or have it offered by their employers. Due to the lack of health care, it can lead to illnesses or diseases that can influence the quality of life. For example, if cancer can be detected early it can help be treated if not then t could mean death. Higher life expectancy is usually related with higher healthcare spending per individual, although many other factors such as education, lifestyles, and environmental factors can have a major affect on life expectancy. The second factor of life Is education. Education is very Important especially for young children because this Is the time when they are still young that their minds are open and teachable. Plus, Its their time of life when they view things Innocently. A well- educated and well-skilled population Is Important for a countrys economic and social ell-being. Education plays a major role in providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and experiences needed to participate efficiently in both society and economy. Having a good education significantly improves the chances or possibilities of finding a Job and earning enough money. Based on COED countries, 83% of people with university-level degrees have a job when compared with 55% for those with only a secondary school diploma. It is also said that lifetime earnings may also increase with each level of education. The third factor of quality of life is income. They say money Anton buy happiness however it is important when it comes to achieving higher living standards. Having a sufficient amount of Income for you and your family will help you live more comfortable. Higher economic wealth means improving the quality of health care, education and housing. According to Phosphor. Com, As Income decreased from $75,000, respondents reported decreasing happiness and Increasing sadness and stress. The data suggest that the pain of lifes misfortunes, including factor to quality of life is housing. Housing is one the most important property of peoples lives. It is one of the basic and essential needs for us human. Housing provides a place to sleep and rest where everyone can feel safe and have the privacy and comfort of their own personal space. It is a place where families are raised. Without proper shelter, people cannot meet their basic needs and participate in everyday society. The number of rooms in a house divided by the number of individuals living there, shows whether residents are living in crowded environments. Overcrowded housing can cause a negative impact on both physical and mental health, and can also affect relationships with others and the development of hillier. In addition, dense living conditions are usually a sign of inadequate water and sewage supply. For this assignment we chose Australia, Turkey and Brazil. We compared each country with each other based on the quality of life (health, education, income, and housing) and we ranked them accordingly (from high to low). Australia came first ranked and then Brazil and lastly Turkey. Australia Brazil Turkey Health *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years *93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 73 years 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 75 years *60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water Education *74% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high- school degree * The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences *43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences *32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences Income The average household is 31 197 USED a ye ar The average household is low Housing 90% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 82% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 67% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. Housing: In Australia, 90% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is more than the COED average of 87%. The households on average spend 20% f their gross adjusted disposable income on keeping a roof over their satisfied with their current housing situation, which is less than the COED average of 87%. In terms of basic facilities, an estimated 93. 3% of people in Brazil live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9%. In Turkey, 67% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is much less than the COED average of 87% and the lowest level amongst COED countries. Turkey, the average home contains 1. 1 rooms per person, which is less than the COED average of 1. Rooms per person and one of the lowest rates across the COED. In terms of basic facilities, 87. 3% of people in Turkey live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9% and the lowest rate across COED countries. Education: In Australia, 74% of adults of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is close to the COED average of 75%. Also, 84% of 25-34 year-olds have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, higher than the COED average of 82%. Australians can expect to go through 18. 8 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, more than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is higher than the COED average of 497. In Brazil, 43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much less than the COED average of 75%. Brazilian can expect to go through 16. 3 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is lower than the COED average of 497. In Turkey, 32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much lower than the COED average of 75% and the lowest rate amongst COED countries. Turkish people can expect to go through 16. 0 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years and one of the lowest in the COED. The average student in Turkey scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences, lower than the COED average of 497. Health: Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years, which is two years above the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 84 years, compared with 80 for men, a slightly smaller difference than the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 years for men. Australia also does well in terms of water quality, as 93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is higher than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 13. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, considerably lower than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy at birth in Brazil stands at Just over 73 years, which is seven years below the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 70 for men, close to the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy for women of 83 years and 77 years for men. Brazil could do better in terms of water quality, as 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is less than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO is 18. 3 micrograms per cubic meter, below the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy ears and one of the lowest across the COED. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 72 for men, a slightly smaller gender difference than the average COED gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 for men. 60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, below the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 35. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, which is considerably higher than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Income: In Australia, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is 31 197 USED a year, which is higher than the COED average of 23 938 USED. The average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at 38 482 SAID, lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. In Brazil, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED In Turkey, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth per capita is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. As a conclusion, Australia is considered to be one of the highest ranking and ranked number one happiest country in the world. And its not hard to see why because they rank tremendously well in health, civic engagement and housing. And also by the looks of other factors such as education and income, Australia is doing pretty well. As for Brazil and Turkey most of their rankings are below than the COED average but Brazil still ranked higher than Turkey in terms of education, health and housing.

Media Coverage on Public and Ethical Concern Essay

Media Coverage on Public and Ethical Concern - Essay Example It made the US government believe in a concept known as the domino theory. The paramount idea in this discourse was that if one Asian nation fell to the leftist ideology of communism, others would quickly follow. Historically speaking, the year of 1954 had seen the Communist forces in the north of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh, defeat the colonial French rule in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh chartered a policy whereby Vietnam was divided into a pro-American Southern and a communist northern bloc with a demilitarised zone (DMZ) in the middle. Though, Ho Chi Minh had intended to bring the two sections under one government by a common rule of the ballot, it never really happened. On the contrary, the communist forces began a guerrilla war against the south. This tempted the US government to launch a battle in Vietnam in order to curtail what it believed to be the rise of Soviet communism. If from the point of view of Utilitarianism, the ethical doctrine that holds that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility, we make an effort to justify the war, we realise that even then the action of the US government was really uncalled for. The US government's stubborn grit to win the war rose to such a level that even the basic tenets of virtue ethics were debunked. In trying to be utilitarian to their cause, the US army indulged in the horrendous crime of using herbicides in order to defoliate large parts of the countryside. These chemicals played havoc, and still continue to do so, in destroying the landscape, causing hereditary diseases, birth defects and poisoning the food chain. It is estimated that during the years of 1961-1962, the Kennedy administration authorised the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops. Between 1961 and 1967, the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons (76,000 m) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13 percent of South Vietnam's land. In 1997, an article published by the Wall Street Journal reported that up to half a million children were born with dioxin-related deformities, and that the birth defects in southern Vietnam were fourfold those in the north! No amount of utilitarianism can justify this mass killing. Similarly, the war showed how the entire corpus of reason and Kantian deontology was done away with by the US army operation in Vietnam. As General Maxwell Taylor, one of the principle architects of the war noted First, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean war, but this was a different country. Secondly, we didn't know our South Vietnamese allies .... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It's very dangerous. Robert McNamara, Lyndon Johnson's Secretary of Defense, was even more blunt. When asked to comment on his role by the London Observer, he replied "I was wrong! My God, I was wrong! Thus, the war clearly defeated the utilitarian purposes it stood for. Moreover, the fact that it cost the American government more than $120 billion, apart from vehement protests and scorn the world over, illustrates the fact that the Vietnam War was definitely a grave error

Impact of Labour Turnover in the Hospitality Industry on Guest Essay

Impact of Labour Turnover in the Hospitality Industry on Guest Satisfaction - Essay Example The aim was to prove that the hypothesis of acceptance of this culture leads to devastating consequences and that high turnover must be prevented, minimized, and managed. In order to meet the aims of the study, it was necessary to examine the causes and nature of turnover, whether it is considered to be bad or if it is considered to be good and necessary in the operation of companies. Existing arguments were examined as some believe that high turnover is desired in the hospitality industry yet some do not believe it to be a positive thing. Another argument included turnover as a culture of the industry. The Greek market was used as a case study to provide examples and illustrations which proved the writer’s hypotheses and aims. The Greek hospitality industry’s study also allowed the examination, evaluation, and findings of this study. In order to meet the objectives of this study, a literature review was conducted to define high turnover and various aspects of the topic in relation to the hospitality industry. Turnover is when employees stay only for a short time before moving on or becoming dismissed for one reason or another. (D’Announzio-Green, Maxwell, & Watson 2002, quote Barron and Maxwell, 1993, p. 5). â€Å"Turnover is the result of both quits and layoffs.   Thus, some turnover is a result of jobs in one firm being destroyed and jobs in another firm being created  Ã¢â‚¬â€ and hence due to the reallocation of jobs across the economy in response to changes in product demand.   A majority of job changes, however, are because workers reshuffle across the same set of jobs, and this worker reallocation occurs over and above job reallocation,† as written by Lane (2000).   Some hospitality industry sources report that turnover rate is between 100 and 150 percent each year.   This causes poor attitude amongst staff and affects the quality of service and care that is given to the customers.   (Crabtree, 2005.)   It is usually considered to be a bad thing; however, as Stark (2004) states â€Å"research has demonstrated that some turnover is healthy, indeed essential to organizational well being.†Ã‚   Scholtz (n.d.) reports that there are companies who have a turnover rate of ten percent or more and think it is a good thing because â€Å"they are replacing the bottom performers with new people will improve organizational performance.†

Fanon on Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fanon on Africa - Essay Example This national consciousness is perceived as the key to true liberation although some were not convinced because of its actual pitfalls like what happened in Africa. In other words, the formation of liberation movements is not seen as an effective remedy to battle the aftermaths of the colonization period. Post-colonialism writers have significantly explained and offered various ideas regarding the proper ways of gaining back national identity while preventing the continuous unnoticeable acts of colonization. In relation, the book entitled The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon clearly elaborated these methods (Magaisa). A chapter regarding â€Å"The Pitfalls of National Consciousness† mainly tackled on the aftermaths of the colonial period during which liberation movements for national identity were rampant. Comprehensively, the book presented theories why the African anti-colonial liberation movements emerged after their independence. Frantz Fanon declared that these parties have contributed to the degeneration and destruction of their identity politics rather than gaining back their true independence. The author introduced the chapter with a statement pointing out the relation between colonialism and nationalism. He said that â€Å"the battle against colonialism does not run straight away along the lines of nationalism† (Fanon 148). Fanon further stressed that the â€Å"social and intellectual incapability of the educated class, the absence of unified mass effort, the unprecedented laxity and timidity at the crucial struggling stage of liberation will result to disastrous misfortune† (148) . Likewise, he defined national consciousness as the â€Å"all-embracing crystallization of the innermost hopes of the whole people and the immediate and most obvious result of mobilization† (Fanon 148). In articulating the effects of colonization to the society, Fanon contended that some interest groups are harmful and

Comparison Of Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay

Comparison Of Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay The presentation of the similarities and differences between relational modeling of data and the object oriented modeling of data is of great importance both for data base designers and for users. By being well acquainted with the relational model and by noting the similarities and differences between the two approaches to data modeling, designers will be able to turn into account and to make use of the already acquired experience as an important basis for understanding and learning the methodology of designing object oriented databases. At the time if designers know the similarities and differences between these two approaches they have the possibility to convert a relational model into an object oriented model and inversely Informatica Economica Journal. 01/01/2007; http://c.researchgate.net/images/symbols/icon_thumb_up_grey.png?e59f9 I like this! http://c.researchgate.net/images/symbols/icon_thumb_up.png?e59f9 You like this publication http://www.researchgate.net/publication/26589213_Comparison_of_RDBMS_OODBMS_and_ORDBMS /**************************** What is the difference between odbms rdbms and ordbms? In: Database Programming, JAVA Programming [Edit categories] Data Warehousing Software Industry leading data warehousing Gather maintain consistent data www.sas.com/uk Ads by Google http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/rc_gray1.gif?v=68832http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/rc_gray1b.gif?v=68832 [Improve] http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/abar_a.gif?v=68832 Answer The differences between the three approaches Table 1: A Comparison of Database Management Systems Criteria RDBMS ODBMS ORDBMS Defining standard SQL2 ODMG-2.0 SQL3 (in process) Support for object-oriented features Does not support; It is difficult to map program object to the database Supports extensively Limited support; mostly to new data types Usage Easy to use OK for programmers; some SQL access for end users Easy to use except for some extensions Support for complex relationships Does not support abstract datatypes Supports a wide variety of datatypes and data with complex inter-relationships Supports Abstract datatypes and complex relationships Performance Very good performance Relatively less performance Expected to perform very well Product maturity Relatively old and so very mature This concept is few years old and so relatively mature Still in development stage so immature. The use of SQL Extensive supports SQL OQL is similar to SQL, but with additional features like Complex objects and object-oriented features. SQL3 is being developed with OO features incorporated in it Advantages Its dependence on SQL, relatively simple query optimization hence good performance It can handle all types of complex applications, reusability of code, less coding Ability to query complex applications and ability to handle large and complex applications Disadvantages Inability to handle complex applications Low performance due to complex query optimization, inability to support large-scale systems Low performance in web applications Support from vendors It is considered to be highly successful so the market size is very large but many vendors are moving towards ORDBMS Presently lacking vendor support due to vast size of RDBMS market All major RDBMS vendors are after this so has very good future http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_odbms_rdbms_and_ordbms /********************************** OODBMS (Object Oriented Database Management System) Basics http://a323.yahoofs.com/coreid/4ae33e2bid18zul6sp1/zfIn.0szaa93rhgGjKCz5w/103/tn32.jpg?ciAQ2PNBJuqYP1Eh user by Bridewin, on Sun Nov 1, 2009 7:22am PST 2 Comments Post a Comment Read More from This Author  » Report Abuse http://a323.yahoofs.com/phugc/CrYlacFZl0FQ/photos/3e34afb6e0dfef3b7ff88aa6f8a2a63f/ori_667cb5ad1ce04b.jpg?ug_____DU3GDkZ3x OODBMS System An object database (also object-oriented database) is a database model in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are a niche field within the broader DBMS market dominated by relational database management systems (RDBMS). Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s and 1990s but they have made little impact on mainstream commercial data processing, though there is some usage in specialized areas. When database capabilities are combined with object-oriented (OO) programming language capabilities, the result is an object database management system (ODBMS). Todays trend in programming languages is to utilize objects, thereby making OODBMS ideal for OO programmers because they can develop the product, store them as objects, and can replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the OODBMS. Information today includes not only data but video, audio, graphs, and photos which are considered complex data types. Relational DBMS arent natively capable of supporting these complex data types. By being integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment because both the OODBMS and the programming language will use the same model of representation. Relational DBMS projects using complex data types would have to be divided into two separate tasks: the database model and the application. As the usage of web-based technology increases with the implementation of Intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in OODBMS to display their complex data. Using a DBMS that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer-aided design (CAD). Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages such as Python, Perl, Java, C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++, Objective-C and Smalltalk; others have their own programming languages. ODBMSs use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages. Advantages: The main benefit of creating a database with objects as data is speed. OODBMS are faster than relational DBMS because data isnt stored in relational rows and columns but as objects. Objects have a many to many relationship and are accessed by the use of pointers. Pointers are linked to objects to establish relationships. Another benefit of OODBMS is that it can be programmed with small procedural differences without affecting the entire system. This is most helpful for those organizations that have data relationships that arent entirely clear or need to change these relations to satisfy the new business requirements. This ability to change relationships leads to another benefit which is that relational DBMS cant handle complex data models while OODBMS can. Disadvantages: Slower and more difficult to formulate than relational. Lack of interoperability with a great number of tools/features that are taken for granted in the SQL world, including but not limited to industry standard connectivity, reporting tools, OLAP tools, and backup and recovery standards. Lack a formal mathematical foundation, unlike the relational model, and this in turn leads to weaknesses in their query support. Applications: Object databases based on persistent programming acquired a niche in application areas such as engineering and spatial databases, telecommunications, and scientific areas such as high energy physics and molecular biology. They have made little impact on mainstream commercial data processing, though there is some usage in specialized areas of financial services.[6][7] It is also worth noting that object databases held the record for the Worlds largest database (being the first to hold over 1000 terabytes at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)[8] and the highest ingest rate ever recorded for a commercial database at over one Terabyte per hour. Another group of object databases focuses on embedded use in devices, packaged software, and real-time systems. http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/none/oodbms-object-oriented-database-management-system-basics-533483/ /************************************** Observations from a Tech Architect: Enterprise Implementation Issues Solutions by Craig Borysowich  (Chief Technology Tactician) Enterprise Technology Architect Craig Borysowich shares the challenges and achievements of enterprise solution design and more Enterprise Technology Architect Craig Borysowich shares the challenges and achievements of enterprise solution design and implementation. ..less Blog Main  /   Archive  /   Invite Peers   RSSRSS for Posts  /   RSS for Comments Previous Entry / Next Entry Some Pros Cons of Relational Databases Craig Borysowich  (Chief Technology Tactician)  posted  5/1/2008 | Comments  (0) http://images.ittoolbox.com/vt/icons/thumbsup.pngLike (0) Please Sign In or Register to like this blog. Working Share Share The relational model for databases provides the basic DBMS characteristics. In addition, an RDBMS also conforms to Codds model. Relational Database Characteristics Dr. Codd established 12 rules to which a DBMS must conform to be considered relational. DBMSs vary in the way in which they comply with these rules, however, commercial relational databases generally conform to these rules. Strengths of RDBMS Flexible and well-established. Sound theoretical foundation and use over many years has resulted in stable, standardized products available. Standard data access language through SQL. Costs and risks associated with large development efforts and with large databases are well understood. The fundamental structure, i.e., a table, is easily understood and the design and normalization process is well defined. Weaknesses of RDBMS Performance problems associated with re-assembling simple data structures into their more complicated real-world representations. Lack of support for complex base types, e.g., drawings. SQL is limited when accessing complex data. Knowledge of the database structure is required to create ad hoc queries. Locking mechanisms defined by RDBMSs do not allow design transactions to be supported, e.g., the check in and check out type of feature that would allow an engineer to modify a drawing over the course of several working days. http://it.toolbox.com/blogs/enterprise-solutions/some-pros-cons-of-relational-databases-24144 /******************************* The Advantages of a Relational Database Management System ds_0ecbc811-e864-4fed-a7c6-5a46ff28cd3fContributor By Deborah Lee Soltesz, eHow Contributing Writer Article Rating: (0 Ratings)   Email   Facebook   Twitter   StumbleUpon Add to Favorites   Print   Share I want to do this! Whats This? RDBMSs provide user access control and data integrity features. data security image by dinostock from Fotolia.com   RDBMSs provide user access control and data integrity features. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a software system that provides access to a relational database. The software system is a collection of software applications that can be used to create, maintain, manage and use the database. A relational database is a database structured on the relational model. Data are stored and presented in a tabular format, organized in rows and columns with one record per row. Data Structure The table format is simple and easy for database users to understand and use. RDBMSs provide data access using a natural structure and organization of the data. Database queries can search any column for matching entries. Multi-User Access RDBMSs allow multiple database users to access a database simultaneously. Built-in locking and transactions management functionality allow users to access data as it is being changed, prevents collisions between two users updating the data, and keeps users from accessing partially updated records. Privileges Authorization and privilege control features in an RDBMS allow the database administrator to restrict access to authorized users, and grant privileges to individual users based on the types of database tasks they need to perform. Authorization can be defined based on the remote client IP address in combination with user authorization, restricting access to specific external computer systems. Network Access RDBMSs provide access to the database through a server daemon, a specialized software program that listens for requests on a network, and allows database clients to connect to and use the database. Users do not need to be able to log in to the physical computer system to use the database, providing convenience for the users and a layer of security for the database. Network access allows developers to build desktop tools and Web applications to interact with databases. Speed The relational database model is not the fastest data structure. RDBMS advantages, such as simplicity, make the slower speed a fair trade-off. Optimizations built into an RDBMS, and the design of the databases, enhance performance, allowing RDBMSs to perform more than fast enough for most applications and data sets. Improvements in technology, increasing processor speeds and decreasing memory and storage costs allow systems administrators to build incredibly fast systems that can overcome any database performance shortcomings. Maintenance RDBMSs feature maintenance utilities that provide database administrators with tools to easily maintain, test, repair and back up the databases housed in the system. Many of the functions can be automated using built-in automation in the RDBMS, or automation tools available on the operating system. Language RDBMSs support a generic language called Structured Query Language (SQL). The SQL syntax is simple, and the language uses standard English language keywords and phrasing, making it fairly intuitive and easy to learn. Many RDBMSs add non-SQL, database-specific keywords, functions and features to the SQL language.

Ethical Challenge of Protecting Software in Emerging Economies: Copyright Law and Enforcement in Pakistan :: Software Technology Protection Essays

Ethical Challenge of Protecting Software in Emerging Economies: Copyright Law and Enforcement in Pakistan Introduction The United States and Pakistan have similar laws protecting software using copyright and patents despite being at very different stages of economic development. Pakistan has an emerging economy with a per capita GDP of $2000 per capita and a literacy rate of 46%.[i] The US has a more mature economy with per capita GDP of $37,600 and a 97% literacy rate[ii]. Despite having similar laws regarding copyright and patent protection Pakistan has rampant piracy problems not seen in the US. It is estimated that 95% of digital media sold in Pakistan is pirated[iii]. This may be in part due to the high cost of software relative to income compared to US where software piracy exists but is less rampant. This discrepancy raises the question: Is it ethical to apply the same rules to two countries regardless of economic condition and industry maturity and what is the global effect of having the same laws but enforcing them differently? Background Two primary methods for protecting software throughout the world are patents and copyright[iv]. Each provides a different measure of protection. The goal of each is to promote the sharing of new inventions and creative works while ensuring that the developer of the work is compensated. Copyright provides the copyright holder rights to the work for 75 years after creation or 50 beyond author’s death whichever is shortest. It not only protects the actual syntax of the code from being copied but covers structure, sequence, and organization of the program. This is to prevent people from simply rewriting an application in another programming language. Copyright, as applied to more traditional written works such as books and songs provide for â€Å"fair use† by others. Fair use means that others can use a small portion of a copyright protected work without permission for certain reasons such as education or critical commentary. The fair use clause is not really applic able to software because it is rare that a small portion of a computer program would be used in the situations covered by the fair use clause. This is an example of stretching an existing law to cover new technology. Patents protect software in a different way by giving the creator rights to the process performed by the protected program.

Naturalist and interpretationist social science Essay

The naturalist approach to social sciences is based on content. The naturalist actually pays attention to what people say and considers their life stories as revealing phenomena. On the other hand interpretational approach, if people have beliefs and desires, an interpreter ascribes them. In this approach there are no independent facts of the matter about content. So there should be some way in which the content is interpreted as a set of revealing set of beliefs. In other words, there should be some agent and a system of methods (procedures) with which the interpretation is done. So, the basic assumption in interpretationist approach is that there is an acceptable behavior of the agent whose relation to the environment is understood and that the beliefs of the agent will match those of the subject he is interpreting (Davidson. D, 1993). The basic conflict between these two approaches is that the naturalist approach accepts the contents of the life stories of what people say, on the other hand the interpretationist accepts only those beliefs and desires that are ascribed by an interpreter. The naturalist accepts that independent facts can exist on the other hand the Interpretationalism does not accept independent facts about mental content. The naturalist accepts what people say on the other hand unless ways of interpreting the spoken word is not found Interpretationalism does not accept the set of beliefs that are held by person making the utterances. Let us consider a more general fact that is studied by social sciences, that if the supply of a product decreases then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for their product will increase. The naturalist may study the life story of a commodity dealer who may give an account of how the prices of the commodities that he dealt with like wheat; barley and rye went up whenever there was a shortage of these commodities. The naturalist may then visit a grocer who may give a lifetime account of how every shortage led to increase in the prices of products he studies. The naturalist may proceed to take several such life stories, statistically significant and establish the cause and effect relationship between the shortage of supply and price increase. In case of Interpretationalism the scientist would approach an interpreter, in case of a commodity market it would not be the commodity dealer but an expert who would interpret the behavior of the dealers. The task of the interpretationist would be to first select the agent (agent) on the basis of his behavior in relationship to the market. The interpretationist would study the relationship of the expert with that of the commodity market, and attempt to ascertain if his beliefs are similar to those of his. Then the expert will interpret the behavior or the utterances of the commodity dealers and reach a conclusion that if the supply of a product decreases, then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for the product will increase. Currently, using an expert opinion is an interpretationist approach to market research. The strength of the naturalist approach in establishing that that if the supply of a product decreases then, â€Å"other things being equal† the price for their product will increase is that the naturalist gets information direct from the dealers, that is from the people who are the actual actors. In addition, getting information from several actors increases the validity of the study as well as provides scope for statistical analysis. On the other hand the weakness of such an approach is that the naturalist may misinterpret the data from dealers. For, example the dealers may not eliminate the factors relating to â€Å"other things being equal†. It is possible that factors like a substantially increased demand may have led to the increase in prices but because the naturalist depends on the dealer’s accounts he may accept their interpretation that the prices of commodities have gone up because of decrease in supply. The strength of the interpretationist approach is that the interpreter or the agent has the expertise to interpret the utterances of the dealers. His relationship to the market (environment) is such that he has the ability to make a learned interpretation of what the market dealers utter. In addition, the agent is supposed to have beliefs that are similar to those of the interpretationist. In other words he has the sagacity to take into consideration â€Å"other things being equal†. The weakness of this approach is that the interpretationist has to depend on the interpreter or the expert. He does not have the facility of large numbers. It is not easy to subject the information to numerical analysis. In addition, there is a chance of errors in interpretation because the selection of the agent may be faulty. The agent’s relationship to the market (environment) may not be as close as required. In addition, the beliefs of the agent may be at variance with that of the researcher. In both these cases the results would be erroneous. To sum, there is a conflict in the approach of the naturalist and the interpretationist. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Free Essays on Telecommuting

INTRODUCTION Telecommuting or Teleworking has been the subject of numerous debates, articles, and academic papers - and in my opinion, the difference is minimal. The term "telework" tends to be used more in Europe and some other countries, while "telecommuting" is used more in the U.S. Some people prefer the word "telework" because it's a more accurate description of the concept - the "tele" prefix means "distance", so "telework" means "work at a distance." The telework advocates also believe that "telecommuting" has too strong a connotation about the commuting aspect, and that "telework" is a broader and more inclusive terms. Whatever you choose to call it, the underlying concept is the same: decentralizing the office, and using different ways of bringing the work to the workers. It doesn't make much difference what you call it . PRESENTATION OF THE TOPIC This research paper will focus on teleworking or telecommuting and will cover all the facts the readers need to know about this topic for full understanding. The term teleworking will be presented and will be use in this paper for simplicity, to tackle about teleworking or telecommuting. IMPORTANCE IN THE SOCIETY Reaping the benefits for the economy The benefits from the widespread adoption of telecommuting are threefold: the elimination of the tremendous waste involved in congestion, the effects of commuting, and pollution the improvements in productivity which promote competitiveness and growth the development of a high-skill workforce which is ahead of the field in working and trading over electronic networks. Reaping the benefits for employers The main benefits for employers are: substantial reductions in business mileage and the costs of congestion higher productivity from teleworking workers lower absenteeism and a happier, more loyal, more flexible and less stressed workforce. All the evidence indicates that it... Free Essays on Telecommuting Free Essays on Telecommuting I. INTRODUCTION 1). Definition of telecommuting a). Variations of telecommuting b). Employee issues of telecommuting 2) HISTORICAL AND PRESENT DATA OF TELECOMMUTING i. Telecommuting today ii. The first telecommuters II. MAIN BODY 1). FEATURES AND TYPES OF TELECOMMUTING a. The corporate telecommuter b. The freelancer or independent contractor c. The self-employer telecommuter 2). ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF TELECOMMUTING i. Employee pros/cons ii. Employer pros/cons iii. Society pros/cons iv. Environmental pros/cons 3). IMPROVEMENT OF THE OVERALL PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES i. Increasing Productivity ii. Statistical Data for Productivity 4). REAL TELECOMMUTING PROGRAMS i. Technology and software used ii. Application of Telecommuting Programs in various Businesses III. CONCLUSION i. Overall summary of the most important issues. I. Introduction 21-30 1) Definition of telecommuting Telecommuting is a work agreement between an employee and his/her supervisor that allows an the former to perform assigned duties at an alternative site, usually at home, for one or more days a week. Telecommuting is a workplace option that provides working at home and communicating with the fellow workers through a computer, the modem or the phone while at the same time employees enjoy flexibility in work place and time. The telecommuting is based on the idea: â€Å"moving the work to the workers instead of moving the workers to work†. Moreover, the telecommuting has various advantages but few disadvantages that can be beneficial to both employer and employee. Commonly, most telecommuters spend two or three days a week to their central office and use office time for face-to-face meetings, team sessions and use of office equipment. Furthermore, telecommuting is appropriate and useful for persons who works alone or handling information such as reports, proposals, data or research. Salespersons, wr... Free Essays on Telecommuting TELECOMMUTING WITHIN A COMPANY Telecommuting (or telework) is a growing interest within American businesses. Robbins and Coulter (2002) states, â€Å"Telecommuting is a job approach in which employees work at home and are linked to the workplace by computer and modem†(p. 444). It is a growing interest among American employees and businesses for a number of reasons. Kistner (2002) states, â€Å"For some, it’s all about improving the work/life balance or employee management. For others, it’s about cutting expenses, lessening traffic congestion, improving the environment or heightening national security†(p.24). For whatever reason, many American businesses are considering telecommuting as a means of increasing productivity and the output levels of their employees. With computer use at an all time high it would not be a difficult task for any organization to implement telework within a company. Telecommuting can be a very tempting and effective idea, but it is not a program that is fit for every employee, every job, or every company. Telework would be fairly easy to implement, but there are many challenges that come along with the package. Both management and employees face challenges with telecommuting, but the rewards offset those challenges. In addition, there are many procedures an organization should follow when implementing telework within a company. These procedures can prove to be vital in making the telework program a success. Telecommuting could be a highly successful program within an organization if the rewards, challenges, and implementation of the program is coordinated the correct way. Who Should Telecommute Telecommuting does have certain benefits for employees, management, and the organization as a whole, but it is not fit for every employee or every job. When distinguishing the employees who should from the employees who should not telecommute management should follow four steps that include: 1. Create a task... Free Essays on Telecommuting INTRODUCTION Telecommuting or Teleworking has been the subject of numerous debates, articles, and academic papers - and in my opinion, the difference is minimal. The term "telework" tends to be used more in Europe and some other countries, while "telecommuting" is used more in the U.S. Some people prefer the word "telework" because it's a more accurate description of the concept - the "tele" prefix means "distance", so "telework" means "work at a distance." The telework advocates also believe that "telecommuting" has too strong a connotation about the commuting aspect, and that "telework" is a broader and more inclusive terms. Whatever you choose to call it, the underlying concept is the same: decentralizing the office, and using different ways of bringing the work to the workers. It doesn't make much difference what you call it . PRESENTATION OF THE TOPIC This research paper will focus on teleworking or telecommuting and will cover all the facts the readers need to know about this topic for full understanding. The term teleworking will be presented and will be use in this paper for simplicity, to tackle about teleworking or telecommuting. IMPORTANCE IN THE SOCIETY Reaping the benefits for the economy The benefits from the widespread adoption of telecommuting are threefold: the elimination of the tremendous waste involved in congestion, the effects of commuting, and pollution the improvements in productivity which promote competitiveness and growth the development of a high-skill workforce which is ahead of the field in working and trading over electronic networks. Reaping the benefits for employers The main benefits for employers are: substantial reductions in business mileage and the costs of congestion higher productivity from teleworking workers lower absenteeism and a happier, more loyal, more flexible and less stressed workforce. All the evidence indicates that it...

Understanding why Athenians were executed essays

Understanding why Athenians were executed essays To understand why the Athenians executed Socrates in 399, one must first take a deeper look into his life. Socrates was born in 469 in Athens, son of the sculptor Sophroniscus and the midwife Phainarete. He belonged to the small Athenian bourgeoisie. He began to work in his fathers workshop. After 421, he married Xanthippe and had three sons. Socrates lived in the period of the war of Peloponnese. He was a brave fighter at Poleidaia, Delion, and at Amphipolis in 422. He showed force, courage and generosity. Throughout his political life, Socrates did not have governmental charges and he never tried to have any. In 405-406, he was a member of the Council of the Five hundred. At the time, Athens was under a democratic government. Socrates was chosen a judge. He was the only one to side against the democratic government that wanted to make summary justice accusing the admirals collectively, like it was established on the contrary by the law. In 408 Athens was under the oligarchical government of the Thirty. Socrates was charged, with four other citizens, to arrest the democratic Lion of Salamis. He thought this was not just and refused to execute it. In Socrates philosophical activity, Cicero asserts that Socrates for the first time made the philosophy come down from the sky and transported it in the cities introducing it also in the houses and forcing it to take care of issues relating life, customs, good and evil. There was a time in Greece when the scholars enjoyed great esteem and encouraged prejudice and obsolete superstitions. These people gave themselves the noble name of Sophists, which due to their name became a repulsive name. They took care of the education of the youth, taught the sciences, arts, moral philosophy, and religion. Difficulties and obstacles stood in Socrates way as he made the great decision, to spread virtue and wisdom among his fellow men. The troubles that Soc...

Disease Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Disease Management - Essay Example Controlling the symptoms with just giving medicines, did not give them any relief and they were in distress. They wanted some one to talk to them and address other aspects like taking them to church or asking some dear one to meet them, etc. However, the wards were full and nurses could not spend much time with each patient. They were working mechanically with no emotional aspect in their care. The ward incharge who realized this suggested an increase in staff to the management. However, in my opinion, what the ward needed was different case management and not just increase in staff. According to Smith (2003), "case management involves an approach and an organizational attitude to achieving these ends, not simply a team of nurses." Schifalacqua et al (2004) opined that in order to realize individual fiscal and clinical outcomes, it is very important to implement community-based advance case management program. This is because, one of the keys for self-management outcomes appears to b e a personalised partnership. References MacKinnon-Schifalacqua, M., O'Hearn-Ulch, P., & Schmidt, M. (2004). How to make a difference in the health care of a population: One person at a time. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 28(1), 29. Smith, A. (2003).

Scene Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Scene - Essay Example The ladies are joined by another group of ladies and they sum up to seven. They walk slowly on the pathway to the relaxing zone where they continue with their conversation. Meanwhile, the game gets sweeter and I cannot resist the temptation of joining the team. I give the idea to my friends and they do not object to the idea of joining the players. As we head for the pitch, I remember that I have a presentation to make in an afternoon class. I stop for a while and remind my friends and surprisingly, none of them remembers the assignment. Immediately we change our minds from joining the game to preparing the presentation. We head to an empty bench where we sit and take out our presentation materials and get busy with our perfection. I notice that we are sited at a bench opposite a group of finalists who are busy discussing their project. This gives me the morale to get serious with the presentation. I notice that all my group mates, despite having forgotten about the assignment, they are all ready to contribute the ideas and materials that we are supposed to use. This motivates me more and I get down to working with my team in order to better our

Development and Expansion Strategy of SMART Cars Essay

Development and Expansion Strategy of SMART Cars - Essay Example Acquire new customer by optimizing search engine submissions, introducing online competitions and a free web mail system for SMART car owners and fans. Introducing a secure online transaction service that can be used to buy products and services or apply for finance, with a quick turnaround time of 24 hours. Implementation of actions to enhance and streamline the SMART sites so that they are easier to navigate and offering the customers a richer more rewarding personal experience. Addition of an exclusive owner section with car service record, logbook and special promotions. 2 Terms of Reference This report was commissioned by SMART on December 12th 2005 3 Methodology This report references the following: The Institute of Direct Marketing, SMART Car Handout, 2006. MediaCo, Email Marketing - Opt In Email Marketing. J. S. Fleming and Gail Said Johnson. Designing an Effective Web Page. 2003. 4 Situational Analysis 4.3 Company Analyzes SMART an automobile manufacturing, supply and sales enterprise was established in 1994 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Daimler Chrysler, with approximately 1200 employees. SMART have dealership networks in 35 countries, with their administrative network in Bblingen Germany and production facility in Hambach France. Its product range exists out of three models, the ForTwo, ForFour and Roadster in hard top and cabrio styles. SMART's key issue has been always been the environment, with guidelines ensuring SMART cars are engineered to protect the environment by being energy efficient and preserving natural resources. SMART's policy starts with development, runs through production, and ends in the recycling of many SMART components. SMART Car UK has a multi-channel approach in selling their relevant products and...Its product range exists out of three models, the ForTwo, ForFour and Roadster in hard top and cabrio styles. SMART's key issue has been always been the environment, with guidelines ensuring SMART cars are engineered to protect the environment by being energy efficient and preserving natural resources. SMART's policy starts with development, runs through production, and ends in the recycling of many SMART components. SMART Car UK has a multi-channel approach in selling their relevant products and services. A customer gets acquainted to products and services by visiting their respective website's www.thesmartcar.co.uk & www.smarttogo.co.uk, and purchasing these products at one of 53 SMART dealerships. In the fiscal year of 2004/5, SMART UK's turnover was 6.8 million and the growth forecast indicate a possible increase rate of 15% for the 2005/6 period, with a total turnover forecast of 7.25 million. SMART's online marketing and promotion contributed towards the sale of 850 units of the total 11000 sales in the UK in 2005. Smart car UK is already a established business with a strong consumer base from which to launch a aggressive marketing strategy to increase its share of the automobile market. Some of its strong points are: SMART car as a new entry to the automobile market offering the consumer the retro unique look.

International Trade and Nepal Essay Example for Free

International Trade and Nepal Essay An isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 without schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The country has, however, made progress toward sustainable economic growth since the 1950s and is committed to a program of economic liberalization. Nepal has used a series of five-year plans in an attempt to make progress in economic development. It completed its ninth economic development plan in 2002; its currency has been made convertible, and 17 state enterprises have been privatized. Foreign aid accounts for more than half of the development budget. Government priorities over the years have been the development of transportation and communication facilities, agriculture, and industry. Since 1975, improved government administration and rural development efforts have been emphasized. Agriculture remains Nepals principal economic activity, employing 80% of the population and providing 37% of GDP. Only about 20% of the total area is cultivable; another 33% is forested; most of the rest is mountainous. Rice and wheat are the main food crops. The lowland Terai region produces an agricultural surplus, part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas. Economic development in social services and infrastructure has not made dramatic progress due to GDP dependency on India. A countrywide primary education system is under development, and Tribhuvan University has several campuses. Please see Education in Nepal for further details. Although eradication efforts continue, malaria had been controlled in the fertile but previously uninhabitable Terai region in the south. Kathmandu is linked to India and nearby hill regions by road and an expanding highway network. The capital was almost out of fuel and transport of supplies caused by a crippling general strike in southern Nepal on February 17, 2008. Major towns are connected to the capital by telephone and domestic air services. The export-oriented carpet and garment industries have grown rapidly in recent years and together now account for approximately 70% of merchandise exports. Nepal was ranked 54th worst of 81 ranked countries (those with GHI 5.0) on the Global Hunger Index in 2011, between Cambodia and Togo. Nepals current score of 19.9 is better than in 2010 (20.0) and much improved than its score of 27.5 in 1990 Relations between India and Nepal are close yet fraught with difficulties stemming from geographical location, economics, the problems inherent in big power-small power relations, and common ethnic, linguistic and cultural identities that overlap the two countries borders. New Delhi and Kathmandu initiated their intertwined relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship and accompanying letters that defined security relations between the two countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral trade and trade transiting Indian soil. The 1950 treaty and letters stated that neither government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign aggressor and obligated both sides to inform each other of any serious friction or misunderstanding with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments. These accords cemented a special relationship between India and Nepal that granted Nepal preferential economic treatment and provided Nepalese in India the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens. Jayant Prasad is Indias ambassador to Nepal. Nepal is developing county with an agricultural economy. In recent years, the countrys efforts to expand into manufacturing industries and other technological sectors have achieved much progress. Farming is the main economic activity followed by manufacturing, trade and tourism. The chief sources of foreign currency earnings are merchandise export, services, tourism and Gurkha remittances. The annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about US$ 4.3 Billion. Agriculture : Eight out of 10 Nepalese are engaged in farming and it accounts for more than 40% of the GDP. Rolling fields and neat terraces can be seen all over the Terai flatlands and the hills of Nepal. Even in the highly urbanized Kathmandu Valley, large tracts of land outside the city areas are devoted to farming. Rice is the staple diet in Nepal and around three million tons are produced annually. Other major crops are maize, wheat, millet and barley. Besides food grains, Cash crops Like Sugarcane, oil seeds, tobacco, jute and tea are also cultivated in large quantities, Manufacturing : Manufacturing is still at the developmental stage and it represents less than 10% of the GDP. Major industries are woolen carpets, garments, textiles, leather products, paper and cement. Other products made in Nepal are steel utensils, cigarettes, beverages and sugar. There are many modern large-scale factories but the majority are cottage or small scale operations. Most of Nepals industries are based in the Kathmandu Valley and a string of Small towns in the southern Terai Plains. Trade : Commerce has been a major occupation in Nepal since early times. Being situated at the crossroads of the ancient Trans-Himalayan trade route, trading is second nature to the Nepalese people. Foreign trade is characterized mainly by import of manufactured products and export of agricultural raw materials. Nepal imports manufactured goods and petroleum products worth about US$ 1 billion annually. The value of exports is about US$ 315 million. Woolen carpets are Nepals largest export, earning the country over US$ 135 million per year. Garment exports account for more than US$ 74 million and handicraft goods bring in about US$ 1 million. Other important exports are pulses, hides and skins, jute and medicinal herbs. Tourism : In 1998, a total of 463,684 tourists visited Nepal, making tourism one of the largest industries in the Kingdom. This sector has been expanding rapidly since its inception in the 1950. Thanks to Nepals natural beauty, rich cultural heritage and the diversity of sight-seeing and adventure opportunities available. At one time, tourism used to be the biggest foreign currency earner for the country. Nepal earned over US$ 152 million from tourism in 1998. INDEPENDENT POLITICAL HISTORY 1950–1970 In the 1950s, Nepal welcomed close relations with India, but as the number of Nepalese living and working in India increased and the involvement of India in Nepals economy deepened in the 1960s and after, so too did Nepalese discomfort with the special relationship. Tensions came to a head in the mid-1970s, when Nepal pressed for substantial amendments in its favor in the trade and transit treaty and openly criticized Indias 1975 annexation of Sikkim which was considered as part of Greater Nepal. In 1975 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev proposed that Nepal be recognized internationally as a zone of peace; he received support from China and Pakistan. In New Delhis view, if the kings proposal did not contradict the 1950 treaty an extension of nonalignment, it was unnecessary; if it was a repudiation of the special relationship, it represented a possible threat to Indias security and could not be endorsed. In 1984 Nepal repeated the proposal, but there was no reaction from India. Nepal continually promoted the proposal in international forums and by 1990 it had won the support of 112 countries. 1970–1980 In 1978 India agreed to separate trade and transit treaties, satisfying a long-term Nepalese demand. In 1988, when the two treaties were up for renewal, Nepals refusal to accommodate Indias wishes on the transit treaty caused India to call for a single trade and transit treaty. Thereafter, Nepal took a hard-line position that led to a serious crisis in India–Nepal relations. After two extensions, the two treaties expired on March 23, 1989, resulting in a virtual Indian economic blockade of Nepal that lasted until late April 1990. Although economic issues were a major factor in the two countries confrontation, Indian dissatisfaction with Nepals 1988 acquisition of Chinese weaponry played an important role. Treaties and letters exchanged in 1959 and 1965, which included Nepal in Indias security zone and precluded arms purchases without Indias approval. India linked security with economic relations and insisted on reviewing India–Nepal relations as a whole. Nepal had to back down after worsening economic conditions led to a change in Nepals political system, in which the king was forced to institute a parliamentary democracy. The new government sought quick restoration of amicable relations with India. 1990s The special security relationship between New Delhi and Kathmandu was reestablished during the June 1990 New Delhi meeting of Nepals prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Indian prime minister V.P. Singh. During the December 1991 visit to India by Nepalese prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, the two countries signed new, separate trade and transit treaties and other economic agreements designed to accord Nepal additional economic benefits. Indian-Nepali relations appeared to be undergoing still more reassessment when Nepals prime minister Man Mohan Adhikary visited New Delhi in April 1995 and insisted on a major review of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty. In the face of benign statements by his Indian hosts relating to the treaty, Adhikary sought greater economic independence for his landlocked nation while simultaneously striving to improve ties with China. India sponsored Nepals admission to the U.N.O. in 1990. 21st century Nepal remains poor and deprived in 21st century while India has acquired a central place in the world with a very high development rate. In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India soured. However, after the restoration of democracy, in 2008, Prachanda, the Prime Minister of Nepal, visited India, in September 2008. He spoke about a new dawn, in the bilateral relations, between the two countries. He said, I am going back to Nepal as a satisfied person. I will tell Nepali citizens back home that a new era has dawned. Time has come to effect a revolutionary change in bilateral relations. On behalf of the new government, I assure you that we are committed to make a fresh start. He met Indian Prime minister, Manmohan Singh, and Foreign Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. He asked India to help Nepal frame a new constitution, and to invest in Nepals infrastructure, and its tourism industry. In 2008, Indo-Nepali ties got a further boost with an agreement to resume water talks after a 4 year hiatus. The Nepalese Water Resources Secretary Shanker Prasad Koirala said the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resources meet decided to start the reconstruction of breached Kosi embankment after the water level goes down. During the Nepal PMs visit to New Delhi in September the two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the age-old close, cordial and extensive relationships between their states and expressed their support and cooperation to further consolidate the relationship. The two issued a 22-point statement highlighting the need to review, adjust and update the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship, amongst other agreements. India would also provide a credit line of up to 150 crore rupees to Nepal to ensure uninterrupted supplies of petroleum products, as well as lift bans on the export of rice, wheat, maize, sugar and sucrose for quantities agreed to with Nepal. India would also provide 20 crore as immediate flood relief. In return, Nepal will take measures for the promotion of investor friendly, enabling business environment to encourage Indian investments in Nepal. In 2010 India extended Line of credit worth $ 250 million 80,000 tones of foodgrains.Furthermore, a three-tier mechanism at the level of ministerial, secretary and technical levels will be built to push forward discussions on the development of water resources between the two sides. Politically, India acknowledged a willingness to promote efforts towards peace in Nepal. Indian External affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee promised the Nepali Prime Minister Prachanda that he would extend all possible help for peace and development. In 2008, the Bollywood film Chandni Chowk to China was banned in Nepal, because of a scene suggesting the Gautama Buddha was born in India. Some protesters called for commercial boycott of all Indian films. BORDER DISPUTES So far as the Indo-Nepal border demarcation is concerned, Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee is working for the last 21 years (since 15 November 1981). But the boundary business is not yet completed. There may be so many reasons the boundary business not to be completed in due time, though it has the target to complete it by 2003. However, this type of target had been fixed many times in the past as in 1993, 1998 and 2001. But the target was not materialized. The main reasons and issues of the boundary business with India is the border encroachments, disputes on certain segments, divergence of opinion on basic materials such as maps and old documents for demarcation, slackness in joint survey field teams and so on and so forth. Nepal and India has two broad issues concerning border business: Border Demarcation Border Management BORDER DEMARCATION The Treaty of Sugauli of 4 March 1816, Supplementary Treaty of 11 December 1816 and Boundary Treaty of 1 November 1860 delineate the boundary of Nepal with India. British East India Company made treaty of Sugauli on 2 December 1815 and it was provided to Nepal to make the counter signature by fifteen days. But Nepal did not make the signature in due time, because of unwillingness. It was finally ratified after 92 days under pressure and compulsion enforced by the British regime that they will invade Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Eventually, it was not signed by the King or Prime Minister/Maharaja but by only the courtier Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya. So there were disputes and conflicts and controversy on the borderline even after the ratification of the Treaty. Historical Border Disputes : There were so many issues of disputes just after the Sugauli Treaty. Some of the disputed areas are cited as examples as follows: Disputes on Siwalik Range : whether the borderline runs from the crest (ridge) of the Siwalik Range or northern or southern foot-hill of the range! Origin of the river Mechi : whether it is originated from north-east of Antoo Hill or from north-west! Dunduwa Range : India had claimed that the border line should be followed on the northern foot from Arrahnala to Talbagauda, whereas Nepal denied it. Dispute on ownership of the village and settlements of Ramnagar Zamindari area. Dispute on the lands adjoined with the districts of Tirahoot and Sarun. Land area of Sharada Barrage constructed by India on the river Mahakali. Disputes on the borderline of the river and rivulets, whether it has to be taken on the old course or the new channel. Disputes on the demarcation of borderlines in agricultural land, forest area and village areas, where there are not conspicuous features. Some of the above mentioned disputes were settled with mutual discussions. For example, identification of the origin of the river Mechi was solved by Campbell, taken as the origination from north-east, though Captain Lloyd had judged in 1827 that the area falls under the jurisdiction of Sikkim. Similarly, the dispute of Dunduwa range was solved jointly by Lieutenant Col. Mac Andrew and Siddhiman Singh Rajbhandari on 7 January 1875 that the borderline shall be demarcated on the southern foot-hill of Dunduwa Range from where the plain area begins. Regarding the disputes of Ramnagar Zamindari area, it was settled on 2 January 1841 with an Ikararnama of 95 people of village-heads, gentlemen, Chautaria and Guru Gharana. As far as the matter of the exchange of lands of Sharada Barrage is concerned, Nepal has not yet received 36.67 Acre of land from India. These are some of the examples of the then border issues between Nepal and East India Company. The main problem lies that Nepal’s southern borderline on the Indo-Gangetic plain with India does not run from the prominent natural features such as mountain peaks, passes, crests etc. NEPAL IS ONE OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES in the world and was listed as the eleventh poorest among 121 countries in 1989. Estimates of its per capita income for 1988 ranged from US$158 to US$180. Various factors contributed to the economic underdevelopmentincluding terrain, lack of resource endowment, landlocked position, lack of institutions for modernization, weak infrastructure, and a lack of policies conducive to development. Until 1951 Nepal had very little contact with countries other than India, Tibet, and Britain. Movement of goods or people from one part of the country to another usually required passage through India, making Nepal dependent on trade with or via India. The mountains to the north and the lack of economic growth in Tibet (Chinas Xizang Autonomous Region after 1959) meant very little trade was possible with Nepals northern neighbor. Prior to 1951, there were few all-weather roads, and the transportation of goods was difficult. Goods were able to reach Kathmandu by railroad, trucks, and ropeways, but for other parts of the country such facilities remained almost non-existent. This lack of infrastructure made it hard to expand markets and pursue economic growth. Since 1951 Nepal has tried to expand its contacts with other countries and to improve its infrastructure, although the lack of significant progress was still evident in the early 1990s. The effects of being landlocked and of having to transit goods through India continued to be reflected in the early 1990s. As a result of the lapse of the trade and transit treaties with India in March 1989, Nepal faced shortages of certain consumer goods, raw materials, and other industrial inputs, a situation that led to a decline in industrial production. Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee : Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee is working for the last twenty-one years. It is going to relocate the missing pillars, reconstruction of the damaged and dilapidated pillars, clear ten-yard width no-man’s land and preparation of strip-maps of both the sides of borderline. But it has not resolved the issues, such as Kalapani-Limpiyadhura, identification of the source or river Kali, Susta dispute, Mechi controversy etc. These are the major issues and problems of demarcations of border between two nations, which should be settled in higher level (most probably in head of the government level) with diplomatic and political level talks. The issues climb slowly up to the ministerial level but it is instantly pushed back to the technical level, which has its limitations as the nature of the problem. In such a fashion, major issues have not yet given yield by the higher level decision making authorities. BORDER MANAGEMENT There is an open border system between Nepal and India, whereas Nepal has its controlled border system with China. It needs passport and visa to go to China and recently Hong Kong, after China regained it from Britain. If we have a look back on the border management system between Nepal and India, anyone entering into Nepal particularly to the Kathmandu valley and towns of Tarai in general, had to get Rahadani or visa from the district administrations. It was prior to the restoration of Naya Muluk by Nepal in 1860, as the controlled border system was prevalent during that period. Afterwards, it was started slowly to keep the border open for recruiting the Nepalese hill and sturdy boys in British Gurkha regiment. The second factor was to have easy and free access of British and Indian goods and material into Nepal and Tibet (via Nepal). Next was to secure raw materials from Nepal to India such as timber, forest products, herbs and medicinal plants, hides and skins etc. Open Border System : Nepal-India Peace and Friendship Treaty of 31 July 1950 motivated for the openness of border between two countries. After the installation of democracy in Nepal in February 1951, it became major turning point in reinforcing the Nepal-India border open with the accelerated movement of Indian nationals into Nepal. Indians used to come to Kathmandu as politicians as advisors to the Nepalese ministers, overseers as technical experts, unemployed citizens as teachers, retailers as whole seller businessmen etc. Similarly, Nepalese were also free to go to Indian cities in search of jobs and works as guards, domestic workers and restaurant waiters. All these phenomena can be cited as Nepal India open border as it is unique in the world in the sense that people of both countries could cross the international borderline from any point / any time. Single citizen could cross the frontier of both the sides without any record running to and fro so many times a day. Impact of Open Border System : Every object has its two aspects as every coin bears two faces. And every item has its negative and positive impacts. Similarly, Nepal-India open border system has its negative and positive impacts for both the nations. But Nepal has experienced a large percentage of negative impacts in many cases, as compared to India. If we make an inventory, negative impact outnumbers the positive one for Nepal. Followings are the impacts of open border system : Positive Impact: As we make a list of positive impacts, it may be the followings: Easy access: The most positive aspect of open border system is the easy movement of people of both the countries. Strengthens relationship: People to people relation on the frontiers of both sides has been maintained and strengthened due to free movement of people on either side of the border. Rescue operation: Prompt services have been offered and provided on either side during calamities and disasters. Health service: When there is an epidemic, health services can be offered from both the sides. Instant supply of labour: When there is a shortage of local labour in one side it can be supplied instantly from other side. Competitive Market: There is always a competition between the businessmen of the cross-frontier towns to be benefited to the consumers.. Prompt Supply of food grains and daily stuff: Unrestricted border has made comfortable for the prompt supply of food grains and daily foodstuffs from either side of the territory, where there are shortages. Open border has economically benefited the inhabitants of both sides of the border from the sell and purchase of livestock products, vegetables and daily kitchen stuff in Hat Bazars (open-roof markets) taking place regularly in various days a week in different parts on either side. An Overview of Nepalese Economy There is nothing much to talk about when it comes to Nepalese economy. The data doesnt paint a rosy picture at all. In fact the picture looks grim. Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. In fact Nepal doesnt stand anywhere to its otherwise developing neighbors such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Thanks to the Sub-Sahara African countries, it is not considered the poorest economy now. Nevertheless, with almost 45% of its population living below the poverty line, Nepal has to do much catching before being termed a Developing Economy. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for 38% of GDP. Most of the agriculture activities take place in the Tarai region. The sub-standard equipments and pesticides along with the medieval mode of agriculture make it a tough affair. The industrial sector is in a dismal condition. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. These things are hardly considered industrial activities by New-school economists. Due to its long stint with monarchy and feudalism, Nepal has one of the most uneven distributions of resources and wealth in the Asia. This has led to the birth of counter initiative movements such as Maoism. Security concerns relating to the Maoist conflict and counter insurgency initiatives have led to a decrease in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism. These are considered the up coming hot cakes in New-wave economy. Prospects for foreign trade or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however. There are lots of reasons for this such as the small size of the economy, technological backwardness, landlocked geographic location, civil strife and its susceptibility to natural disaster.