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Review Sheets for Chapter 20. 1 1. Assuming the following reaction proceeds in the forward direction, 3 Sn4+(aq) + 2 Cr(s) ? 3 Sn2+(aq) + 2 Cr3+(aq) 4+ a. Sn (aq) is the reducing agent and Cr(s) is the oxidizing agent. b. Cr(s) is the reducing agent and Sn2+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. c. Sn4+(aq) is the reducing agent and Sn2+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. d. Cr(s) is the reducing agent and Cr3+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. e. Cr(s) is the reducing agent and Sn4+(aq) is the oxidizing agent. 2. The following reaction occurs spontaneously. H+(aq) + Ca(s) ? Ca2+(aq) + H2(g) Write the balanced oxidation half-reaction. a. 2 H+(aq) + 2 e– ? H2(g) b. 2 H+(aq) ? H2(g) + 2 e– c. H2(g) ? 2 H+(aq) + 2 e– d. Ca(s) + 2 e– ? Ca2+(aq) e. Ca(s) ? Ca2+(aq) + 2 e– 3. Write a balanced half-reaction for the reduction of CrO42–(aq) to Cr(OH)3(s) in a basic solution. a. CrO42–(aq) + 3 OH–(aq) + 3 e– ? Cr(OH)3(s) + 2 O2(g) b. CrO42–(aq) + 3 H+(aq) + 3 e– ? Cr(OH)3(s) c. CrO42–(aq) + 3 H+(aq) ? Cr(OH)3(s) + 2 e– d. CrO42–(aq) + 4 H2O( ) + 3 e– ? Cr(OH)3(s) + 5 OH–(aq) e.CrO42–(aq) + 3 OH–(aq) ? Cr(OH)3(s) + 2 O2(g) 4. Write a balanced chemical equation for the oxidation of Cd(s) by concentrated nitric acid, producing NO2(g) and Cd2+(aq). a. HNO3(aq) + Cd(s) ? Cd2+(aq) + NO2(g) + OH–(aq) b. 2 HNO3(aq) + Cd(s) ? Cd2+(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2 OH–(aq) c. HNO3(aq) + Cd(s) + H+(aq) ? Cd2+(aq) + NO2(g) + H2O( ) d. 4 HNO3(aq) + Cd(s) ? Cd2+(aq) + 2 NO2(g) + 2H2O( ) + 2 NO3–(aq) e. HNO3(aq) + Cd(s) ? Cd2+(aq) + NO2(g) Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. 2. 3. 4. ANS: ANS: ANS: ANS: E E D D

Caribbean Literature

The evolution of Caribbean Literature started centuries before the Europeans graced these shores and continues to develop today. Quite noticeably, it developed in a manner which transcended all language barriers and cultures. Today the languages of the Caribbean are rooted in that of the colonial powers – France, Britain, Spain and Holland – whose historical encounters are quite evident throughout the region.The cosmopolitan nature of the region's language and cultural diversity develop from the mixture of European languages with Native American languages (mainly the Caribs and Arawaks) in the formation of creoles and local patois (hybrid languages) and those of Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves, not withstanding the contributions of Asians mainly from India and China, and Middle Easterners. The fabric of Caribbean Literature is woven with the historical issues of enslavement and forced migration, the related themes of home and exile, and colonialism and decol onization.The social and cultural themes of tradition, landscape, culture and community are also encompassed by Caribbean Literature. It also addresses such universal questions as identity, sexuality, family life, pain, joy, and the uses of the imagination. It is virtually impossible to keep Caribbean Literature only within the confines of writings produced within the Caribbean Islands. Caribbean Literature also transcends the borders of Central and South America extending to the shores of Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana; and coastal areas of Colombia, Nicaragua, Belize and Honduras.Evidence of aspects of Caribbean Literature can also be seen in literary works produced in various areas of the USA including Miami and New Orleans. Works of Caribbean Literature have also been produced by people of Caribbean ancestry who live primarily in Europe and major urban centers of the United States. ORAL LITERATURE Oral literature can be considered as the earliest form of Caribbean Literature co nsisting mainly of rich folk- tale traditions, legends andmyths, songs and poetry. Today this legacy is resplendent in popular music such as the CALYPSO, the Cuban SON, and the Puerto Rican BOMBA; in the traditions of storytelling originating out of West Africa and India; and in supernatural tales from African religions, including SANTERIA, LUCUMI,VODUN (vodoo), and SHANGO. Proverbs, riddles, and sayings that reinterpret African, European, and East Indian traditions are also most prominent in Caribbean literature.Among these are Anancy (a cunning spider) stories; animal dilema tales, which typically teach a moral lesson; stories of village life or evil women; tall tales; and rhetorical flourishes, such as boasting, toasts, and speeches. PRE AND POST INDEPENDENCE LITERARY WORKS Autobiography and poetry were the most prevalent literary works from the 16th century to the mid – 19th century. In these works were introduced themes that became common in Caribbean literature; exile, migration, displacement and questions of identity.The history of Mary Prince, a West Indian Slave, (Related by Herself), is the most prominent of these writings in English. Early Caribbean writings in Spanish saw that of the autobiography of the slave Juan Francisco Manzano of Cuba in the 1820's and 1830's, Jose Maria Herida Placido ( a slave who was executed in1844 for his role in a slave uprising) and the Cuban anthropologist Miguel Barnet. Max Urena of the Dominican Republic produced nationalist works in the 19th century. The French speaking Caribbean saw works by Emeric Bergeaud and Desmevar Delorme.Distinct national literary traditions began in the 20thcentury because few Caribbean countries gained their independence before this period. Twentieth century Caribbean literature can be divided into three periods: the first thirty years during colonial rule; the years just prior to independence between the 1940's and 1960's or later, and the period after independence. During the fle dgling years (1930's) a movement celebrating African culture and values rose to prominence. The movement originated in France and was called NEGRITUDE.However, its founders include Leon Gontran Damas of French Guiana and Aime Cesaire of Martinique. Rene Maran of Martinique won the Prix Goncourt (a French literary prize) with the novel Batouala (1921) which called for identification with black culture. In the Spanish – speaking Caribbean African themes were presented in a most exotic manner, highlighting African and black identity for artistic inspiration. Prominent writers in this movement include Luis Pales Matos from Puerto Rico and Emillo Ballagas from Cuba.The works of Cuban poet Nicolas Guillen from the 1930's share sentiments with the politics of NEGRITUDE and address issues surrounding the struggle against colonialism. Alejo Carpentier, also of Cuba, achieved recognition with his novels in which he explores the history and sources of Caribbean culture. The English â₠¬â€œ speaking Caribbean abounds with prominent writers including Jamaican novelist Tom Redcam (Thomas Macdermot), Claude Mckay, Jamaican born poet, and perhaps the best known writer of this generation internationally.Mckay later became one of the leading writers of Harlem Renaissance, a flowering black culture in New York in the 1920's and 1930's. Other writers who rose to prominence during this period are C. L. R. James of Trinidad, whose works protest against colonialism and help to define the anticolonial political and cultural struggles of his time. He was also instrumental in the formation of the literary magazines Trinidad (founded 1929) and the Beacon founded (1931); these publications were instrumental in the development of a Caribbean literary tradition.Alfred Mendes and Ralph de Boissiere (Trinidadians) both contributed articles and poetry to the magazines. PRE – INDEPENDENCE RENAISSANCE This period saw the emergence of a generation of writers whose works sought aft er liberation and presented a distinctive portrait of Caribbean culture. The Jamaican Vic Reid, looks forward to a â€Å"new day† of independence with his novel New Day (1949); the displaced, downtrodden, urban population of the Caribbean is portrayed by Roger Mais also of Jamaica.He also experiments with jazz rhythms in his language, while Una Mason, a Jamaican poet uses blues rhythm in her poetry collections. A vivid portrait of Guyana's countryside and society is presented by Edgar Mittleholzer in his novel A Morning At The Office (1950). On the other hand, one of the first and most important Caribbean works dealing with childhood and coming of age in a colonial context was produced by George Lamming, from Barbados, in the novel â€Å"In The Castle Of My Skin† (1953).This novel focuses on the struggles of three young boys with poverty, a colonial education, social change and the forging of an identity; hovering in the background is the promise of migration to the me tropolitan centers. The mythology of Native Americans and Africans is emphasized in Wilson Harris's novel Palace of the Peacock (1960), while Martin Carter's Poems of Resistance seek liberation from colonial rule. During this period a number of female writers were also very active. Beryl Gilroy of Guyana wrote novels, children's stories, and an autobiography.Sylvia Wynter of Jamaica incorporates elements of folk culture into her work. From Dominica, Phyllis Shand Allfrey won recognition for her analysis of colonial power in her work, while Jean Rhys received critical acclaim for novels about women caught in situations they are unable to change. POST INDEPENDENCE This period saw the emergence of poets from the English – speaking Caribbean; Derek Walcott from Saint Lucia is perhaps the best-known Caribbean writer internationally. In 1992 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In addition to poetry, Walcott is well known as a playwright.At the same time Eduard Kamau Brathwaite c hallenged the formal structures of European poetry by adopting the rhythms, references, and language of the African and Afro- Caribbean traditions. Brathwaite broadened the possible use of language in his works for a number of subsequent writers, including Jamaican oral poets Mutabaruka, Linton Quesi Johnson, and John Binta Breeze. Earl Lovelace and V. S. Naipaul count among other noted English – language writers born in Trinidad and Tobago. Naipaul received recognition for novels that focus on East Indians living in the Caribbean.Lovelace whose works won a Commonwealth prize wrote on issues of poverty, education, and village life. The French – speaking Caribbean saw prominent contemporary writers in Daniel Maxim of Guadeloupe and Edouard Glissant and Patrick Chamoiseau of Martinique. Chamoiseau explores issues of black identity, and creole cultural identity. The latter was produced along with Jean Bernabe and Rafael Confiant. Chamoiseau won the Pri Goncourt for his no vel Texaco (1929). Noted female writers are Maryse Conde of Guadeloupe who is considered a significant voice among female writers, having won several French prizes for her literary work.Simone Schwarz -Bart, also of Guadeloupe, writes of the search for identity while Nancy Morejon of Cuba is recognized as a leading poetic voice. Her collection entitled Cuaderno de Granada 1984 (Grenada Notebook, 1984) honors those who participated in Grenada's socialist revolution in 1983. Caribbean writers have impacted greatly on the international arena and have gained worldwide recognition for their numerous works. Literary critics are also recognizing the Caribbean roots of some African American writers who are explicit about their Caribbean parentage

Primark

Primark: An Overview Primark Stores Limited is an Irish clothing retailer. Its stores are located in various regions like United Kingdom, Ireland, and Spain. Within this area of responsibility, Primark stores outnumbered other clothing retailer business, with one hundred sixty one stores overall distributed in three major regions: one hundred twenty-five in the United Kingdom, thirty-four in Ireland and eight in Spain. The company positions itself as marketing fashionable at cutthroat prices. The original clothing store was established by Arthur Ryan and his collaborator Micaela Mitchell in Dublin Ireland in 1969.After various success in clothing business, great profits and gross income led them to open stores in local and regional areas. It acquired various premises in different business centers within its local and regional areas which eventually generate more profits and income. Primark is known for selling clothes at the budget end of the market. Its success is based on sourcing supply, making clothes with simple designs and fabrics and targets young, fashion-conscious individuals ages 35 below, offering them simple yet high quality clothes and apparels.Hence, these successes brought significant changes on Primark's retail business. The relevance of global trends and consumers' demands on lifestyle made Primark Store Limited reinvent its business scheme and management structure. Primark's management and business structure As a famous clothing retail store, recently, Primark embarks in different retail products not only restricted on manufacturing clothes but also other related products such as apparels and accessories available to all human sizes. Primark employs simple managerial operation on its stores structure.Each store has its own manager responsible in overseeing the status and business operations. With managers' inherent authority, they are given the power and control to manage the store within his/her point of responsibility. Moreover, in smaller o r larger branches, assistant and deputy managers are assigned to control and manage the store. Within the store, there are different subdivided departments in which a manager is assigned like senior department managers and junior department managers who are in charge for individual departments.Moreover, under management, there are supervisors in charge of staff on a sales floor, on different departments like stock room staff, customer service staff, customer service desk, cashiers who work on the tills, cash office staff and staff responsible to look after fitting rooms. This management and business structure posits a simple way of managing human labor force, however, simple it may seem, yet inevitably creates serious problems and issues if and when proper assessment of the structure will be undervalued.Analysis on the internal and external environment of Primark retail industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Primark clothing retail industry is a member of Ethical Trading Initiative, a collaborative forum bringing together businesses to work on labor rights issues in their supply chains. In fact, Primark developed ethical strategy in order to promote labor rights issues within its organization. Certain guidelines and code of conduct must be defined in relation to the ethical implications of work to human labor rights.Primark, initiated and defined its ethical trade strategy in 2006, focusing on assessment of employees working conditions, factories operations' concerns and addressed necessary improvement. Primark's annual report of activity should be passed to the Ethical Trading Initiative Board. Moreover, Primark stands to a principle that shared learning and collaboration is one of the most successful ways to achieve sustained positive progression with its supplier's factories. However, climate change within and outside Primark's environment changes as it faces the challenges posed by the global business market.Using PESTLE and SWOT analysi s, let us examine the ins and outs environment of Primark's retail clothing industry. The PESTLE analysis allows us to examine the external factors affecting the environment of an organization while SWOT analysis aids us to assess organization's internal strengths and weaknesses and further identify threats and opportunities external to its environment. Hence, these methods are helpful for us to understand and underline positive and negative factors affecting the external and internal environment of an organization like Primark.In assessing the political, social, and economic factors external to the environment of Primark, we must consider different issues. Primark's business operations are subject to government policies and regulations. The business firm should conform to the set of policies and regulations stipulated and enforced by the government and policy making body while conforming to the set of regulations and policies, the firm should assume social responsibility as demande d by the global consciousness.Nowadays, business sectors no longer busied themselves to produce bonds of profits and income but deeply involved in social programs to promote social awareness and equality. Cultural and social behaviors of different consumers are important to consider when establishing or venturing business in the global landscape. Furthermore, economic, environment, laws, and technology are inseparable entities in which influence the business operations. The economic stability of certain region can contribute allot to the business condition of certain firm, like Primark.Technology on the other hand, brought a tremendous effect to the status and development of business operations and marketing programs. It generates new trends in a rapid movement, which if organizations are unaware will impede growth and development. Hence, Primark's must constantly assess its strategy with consideration to its PESTLE as external factors that in one way or the other affects its intern al and business operations. Assessing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Primark, we go back to its established management or business structure.The need for re-tracking the management or business structure is important in analyzing its SWOT. As to my knowledge upon my encounter with Primark's business operations, its strengths are gained in its simple, systematic and organized business structure, having assigned proper authorities to proper positions. Moreover, its recognition for valuing high quality of products and quality services with its customers garnered more strength to attract more people. On the other hand, Primark's weaknesses can be found in its way of managing people.Although, Primark is a member of Ethical Trade Initiative, study shows given different negative issues concerning its business operations and transactions like child labor, purports less value on ethical matters. Different issues were attacking Primark concerning exploitation and abus e on labor force, other environmental concerns, poor working conditions, and disvaluing workers' rights. Primark in different surveys was labeled as a fashion industry with oppressive regime. The primacy of autocratic and rigidity on standard structures can be a weakness as well as threats to the life of the company.Since, it goes globally, opportunities are in wide array not only on the part of venturing into regions with much income and profit to gain but also an opportunity to share and provide quality products to fashion-conscious people with vogue to fashion lifestyle. Conclusion Given this analysis we come to realize that each organization has its own external and internal problems to handle. The process in which we enable to identify and analyze such problems is by using proper management method of analysis like SWOT and PESTLE. The importance of these methods is squared to the importance of the business itself. Primark Primark stores ltd is a major retail group employing over 10,000 people. A company which has achieved superior performance in recent years is an associated British Foods plc subsidiary called primark. Primark opened its first store in june 1969 in Ireland, where it operates at Penneys. Today it has a total of more than 193 stores operating in Ireland, Spain, UK, the Netherlands, Portugal and Germany and is till aggressively expanding . n the UK, where primark has its maximum numbers of stores. Primark is seconds to Asda’s George in terms of the largest numbers of clothes sold by volume, overtaking established reputed companies such as Marks & Spencer. It is reported that their profits have increased by 10% and sales increased by 20% in the year 2009 even though each of its three main markets were subject to recessionary pressure and a decline in consumer confidence.Primark has won several awards each year since 2005and its most recent awards are â€Å"best budget store on the High Street at the GMTV High Street Fashion awards 2009 (awarded 7th may 2009), Retailer of the year for the second year in succession at the BCSC Gold Awards and Value Retailer of the year at the Drapers Record Awards. Apart from this, primark has also been successful in establishing it brand name. celeberties such as Katie Holmes have been spotted earing its Clothes and they also been featured in one fot eowrlds most premium fashion magazine Vogue.Primark has numerous competitors such as New Look, H&M and TK Maxx although its biggest competitor in the UK is Asda’s clothing brand George. Primark has managed to increase sales and make profits during turbulent economic climate even when well established brands like Next have not been able do so. Primark adopts the â€Å"no frills† strategy which many successful business in other industries like Ryan air have adopted. They describe themselves as having â€Å"a lean business which responds quickly in the market place, h as short lines of management , good buying and excellent distribution†.Furthermore, unlike its competitors, primark specifically targets people under the age of 35. these are the people who are the most fashion conscious. Primark has excellent â€Å"time to market† and it is said that it takes them a maximum of 6 weeks to get the latest trends from the catwalks to the shop floors. Primark has very clearly positioned themselves as being at the absolute bottom end of the market in terms of prices unlike some of its competitors such as Marks and Spencer which have mid range prices.Primark has a clear marketing strategy where it provides the young generation with the trendiest clothes at the lowest prices possible. This is further emphasized by its company slogan â€Å"look good pay less†. †¢ Primark target customer is fashion-conscious and wants value for money. Primark can offer value for money by †¢ Sourcing products efficiently †¢ Making clothes wi th simpler designs †¢ Using local fabrics and trims †¢ Focusing on the most popular sizes †¢ Buying in volume †¢ Not spending heavily on advertisingTask 01 Communication It is a process of exchange of ideas and information between two persons or more through effective way to achieve both general and special purpose. Communication is a key skill in getting what you need from life. It is basically the sending and receiving of messages. [pic] internal communication internal communication is a subset of effective business communication. Internal communication in a business context, is the dialogue process between employees and employer, and employees and employees.

Assignment is to read the 22 page IPCC AR4 summary for policymakers Essay

Assignment is to read the 22 page IPCC AR4 summary for policymakers (SPM) (Introduction plus 5 sections) and write a concise summary of it - Essay Example shift in animal and plant ranges together with the earlier timing of various spring events has been linked to warming in the terrestrial ecosystems while changes in ice, frozen ground and snow have resulted in a general increase in both the total number and size of glacial lakes (Ipcc, 2007). It has been shown that the energy balance of the world’s climate system has been altered by changes in the atmospheric concentration of aerosols and various green house gases, solar radiation and total land cover. During the period ranging between 1970 and 2004, Carbon dioxide emissions have been shown to have grown by about 80%. The atmospheric concentration methane and carbon dioxide have exceeded the pre industrial levels recorded from ice cores over the last 650,000 years. This has mainly been attributed to the use of various agricultural products and fossil fuels (Ipcc, 2007). If the Emission of GHG continues at the current rate, this will potentially cause changes in the planet’s global climate system to be larger in the 21st century than those previously observed in the 20th century. Warming is expected to reduce the ocean and terrestrial uptake of CO2 resulting in an increase in the ocean’s acidity with an expected average decrease of its PH by about 0.1 units (Ipcc, 2007). The Greenland ice sheet is expected to continue contracting, a factor that is expected to continue playing a vital contribution to the increasing rise in sea levels after 2100, with various models suggesting the eventual virtual complete elimination of the ice sheet after a millennia. There are several adaptation and mitigation options available touching on various aspects. These include expanding water storage, harvesting and conservation techniques, the adjustment of agricultural product varieties and planting dates, reduction of the world’s dependency on a mostly single source of energy and opting for green energy, creation of storm surge barriers and sea walls to help create a

What you see as the pathWay to complete wellness Essay

What you see as the pathWay to complete wellness - Essay Example Before I took this course, I roughly thought that this was the path to complete wellness, so my ideas have not really changed based on what I have learned throughout this course. The most obvious component to complete wellness is in the physical area of someone’s life. To experience fulfillment in this area, it requires being totally satisfied with one’s physical state. The sad thing is that too many people do not feel this, and this is mostly because of what society and the media tells them how they should be. To improve physically, someone needs to take the time and dedication to be willing to alter their diet in order to improve their physical appearance. This is just one component of improving physicality; another is being motivated enough to do exercise so as to reduce one’s weight. This is really challenging for most people, but it can be achieved with enough will power. Another component to complete wellness is through emotions. Females are very susceptible to this, but it can affect everyone at some stage. Some people are very emotional and get upset even at the slightest thing. This shows that someone is not content with their emotional side because they cannot control their emotions. It does not matter what another person says or does; emotional wellness is about feeling good about one’s self and not listening to what others have to say. The next area of complete wellness is through the mental side. This is perhaps the most underestimated part of complete wellness because it is very difficult to know what other people are thinking. Negative thinking can result in poor lifestyles choices, and this will ultimately not lead to complete wellness. In fact, mental toughness is the most critical part of wellness because it determines how someone would react to certain situations. The fourth area to complete wellness is spirituality. Many people do not think

Assignment (fleet replacement) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

(fleet replacement) - Assignment Example try of the values and corresponding correct calculations, the template will automatically analyze and calculate the net present values of each fleet as well as the cost per available seat mile (CASM) of each fleet. From the analysis, it is clear that the purchase price of MD-80 is estimated at $4,000,000 while its sales price after 16 years is estimated to be $100,000. This is different from the purchase price of A-320 which is estimated to be $60,000,000 while its sales price after 16 years is $25,000,000. Alone, from these figures, it can be seen that MD-80 is cheaper than A-320. The discount factors for both fleets is assumed to remain equal at 20% per annum. This is one of the major assumptions taken into consideration while carrying out the analysis. The other assumption will be that the two fleets will be purchasing fuel at the same prices yearly, this is important to enable us compare their cost of fuel usage. Since economic factors must also apply, it is assumed that the fuel costs per gallon will also be increasing each year due to factors such as inflation. This is the reason why the forecasted fuel amounts are increasing per gallon every year. As it will be difficult to estimate mai ntenance costs per year, it is also assumed in the analysis that it will remain constant every year from the first year in each case. The total annual operating costs per fleet is expected to increase every year since the fuel costs are also increasing per year. From a general criterion, it is expected that the aircraft with the lowest net present CASM should be the most efficient in using its finances. This will imply that, from the analysis, the aircraft that will be of best financial choice must be one with the lowest net present CASM. As can be seen evidently from the analysis on the Excel template, MD-80 has a net present value of $56,752,036 while A-320 has $113,457,899. Looking at the Net Present CASM, MD-80 has 0.03116 while A-320 has 0.04471. From these results, it

What is enterprise infrastructure Research Paper

What is enterprise infrastructure - Research Paper Example Enterprise infrastructure is stated to be the technology backbone of modern business (IT World Canada, 2011). According to Camp (2004), a blueprint of the enterprise infrastructure, known as enterprise architecture, forms the basis of an organisation’s Information Technology planning. A complex infrastructure is usually found in an e-business environment. Web services are being increasingly used for putting e-businesses on the Web, as well as enabling users: either humans or other Web services to use them. â€Å"Web service refers to a business or computational function delivered using standard web technology such as HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol), XML (Extensible markup language), and SOAP (Simple object access protocol)† (Sahai & Graupner, 2005, p.5). Web services have to be interfaced with the internal business processes to receive, fulfill and deliver orders. IT World Canada (2011) states that business process improvement software, business performance management and other enterprise infrastructure software are essential for Thus, the logical business processes, the Web services and the operation of enterprise infrastructure require the support of hardware, software, as well as humans. For example, an e-business infrastructure would include â€Å"web sites, web server farms, applications servers (J2EE, .Net) and business processes execution platforms such as Process Manager, MQSeries, and Web Method (Sahai & Graupner, 2005, p.44). Further, management of enterprise infrastructure includes desktop, data storage systems, networks, and the reduction of complexity and costs including minimizing the number of people required to efficiently operate the enterprise IT sytems. This paper has higlighted enterprise infrastructure and its components; and examined the need for its management, for achieving best outcomes in e-businesses. With the transformation of information technology from

Reporting Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reporting Results - Essay Example This unique feature applicable to not-for-profit organizations have made the accounting industry defined them differently. A basic concept in the non-profit organizations is the net asset. This is asset with fewer liabilities. Such assets are also called funds. Instead of showing retained earnings or owners equity, the non-profit financial statements show net assets (Finkler, 2010). The source of their money is not through the sale of goods and service but through voluntary contributions from the public. They however provide welfare services that are not in anyway motivated by profit making. Their definition is, therefore, not similar to for profit organizations. They are exempted from tax paying mainly because they are of bigger benefit to the public but to another extend will limit the revenue that the council will be collecting especially if they expand acquiring properties that previously pay tax to the council. There have been rules set by GAAP that have enabled uniformity in the not-for profit organization in their reporting. Though there is still little difference in their reporting there is a much bigger consistency in their reporting. Some of these organizations are charity and service organization. They are organized as a not-for-profit corporation, a cooperative, or they exist informally. Others operate like a foundation, but they are more complex in its administration they hold more favorable tax and are restricted in the public charities they

SOCIAL WORK (ETHICS AND VALUES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SOCIAL WORK (ETHICS AND VALUES - Essay Example The crying is a symptom that an unfavourable situation cropped up. Rajiv disliked being rushed. Similarly, Lola disliked waiting excessively for Rajiv to finish his food. Lola must implement absolutism ethics (Royakkers, 2011). Absolutism states that there are absolute ethical or morality standards. People must obey the ethical or moral standards, without exception. There are no excuses or exemptions in the compulsory implementation of the moral standards or ethics standards. In the current case, Lola should not rush Rajiv’s eating. Lola’s personal issues or problems should not affect or reduce the social workers’ required minimum social work performance. Lola should be penalized in order to prevent a repeat of her unethical behavior. Surely, absolutism ethics dictates Lola must wait until Rajiv finishes his meal. Lola must implement relativism ethics (Hales, 2011). The concept focuses on the individuals forming his or her diversely unique ethical standards. Other individuals influence how a person’s ethical standards are formed. Other societies can affect how a person’s ethical preferences are crafted. Consequently, one person’s relativism ethics may differ from another person’s relativism ethics. One’s cultural upbringing influences the person’s relativism ethics preferences. For example, people in the United States insist that it is morally right to eat beef. On the other hand, people in India insist that eating beef is immoral. Lola’s forcing Rajiv to uncomfortably rush his eating is not Lola’s workplace’s work ethic. Obviously, Lola must incorporate the social work community’s relativism ethics, imitating the other social workers’ making life for the patients more comfortable. Lola must implement deontology ethics (Tannsjo, 2013). Deontology ethics focuses on duty. It is the duty of every person to obey all ethics standards. There is no exception to the strict implementation of the ethical standard.

Ec Assignment for Microbiology Essay Example for Free

Ec Assignment for Microbiology Essay 1) First, the urine sample container should be labeled accordingly. Urine samples and transport containers should be free of any particles or anything that may interfere with the sample. The sample should be in a secure container with a leak resistant lid; this will also prevent exposure to the person handling the sample while also protecting the sample from being contaminated. It is important to not reuse any specimen container to insure that the sample is in a sterile environment and is not at risk from being contaminated. Nurses can encourage the patient to wash their hands before and after they provide the sample. The patient can also be advised to replace the lid on the specimen as soon as the sample has been collected to keep contaminates from getting in the sample. Nurses should explain that these steps will ensure the most accurate results. Nurses should also follow protocol to avoid contamination. Nurses should wear gloves at all times and wash their hands regularly. Urine should be stored properly as to avoid any additional growth of bacteria. (Becton, 2004) 2) This protocol is for samples analyzed in a doctor’s office or for a routine laboratory culture that were midstream samples for urine culture or for urinary tract infections. Negative macroscopic screened urines do not routinely require microscopic examination of urine sediment. Microscopic examination of urine sediment may be warranted when macroscopic examination is positive for blood (Hb), protein (greater than a trace), nitrite, leukocyte esterase, turbidity, or glucose concentration greater than 55mmol/l. Choices for urinalysis are urine culture only, Macroscopic microscopic if dipstick positive, Macroscopic urine culture if pyuric or nitrite present, Macroscopic dipstick, Microscopic, or special case. (Association, 2011) 3) The most common symptoms of a urinary tract infection are pain or burning feeling during urination, feeling of urgency to urinate, altered appearance of the urine, pain or pressure in the rectum for men or in the area of the pubic bone for women, and only passing a tiny amount of urine even when the urge to urinate is strong. (Net, 2011) Edith is more susceptible to a urinary tract infection because she is a female. Women have shorter urethras therefore it is easier for bacteria to enter the urinary tract. Men are much less likely than women to get UTIs and when they do it is often related to another underlying medical condition, such as kidney stone or an enlarged prostate. (WebMD, 2005-2012) 4) Cipro is short for ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic that is used to treat bacterial infections. Ciprofloxacin belongs to the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics. Cipro stops the multiplication of bacteria by inhibiting the reproduction and repair of their genetic material. (Net, ciprofloaxin (Cipro, Cipro XR) drug class, medical uses, medication side effects, and drug interactions by MedicineNet.com , 2012) 5) Clindamycin inhibits protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50s subunit of the ribosomal thus blocking the transpeptidation or translocation reactions of susceptible organisms resulting to stunted cell growth. (LLC) 6) Most antibiotics are taken in a pill form and they can kill many of different strains of good bacteria in the digestive tract. A common complaint of taking antibiotics is stomach upset and diarrhea. Eating yogurt while taking antibiotics may help prevent some of the discomfort of antibiotic use because yogurt is made from milk and fermented with live cultures of the same types of bacteria that are normally present in a healthy digestive tract. Continuing to eat yogurt several days after discontinuing the antibiotics may help to replace good bacteria in the intestines. (Strong) 7) The warnings in using Clindamycin include but are not limited to diarrhea, colitis, and pseudo membranous colitis. These symptoms can persist for several weeks after discontinuing the use of the antibiotic. (A.D.A.M.) 8) The bad bacteria, that can cause diarrhea in people taking antibiotics, are called C difficile and its numbers are normally kept at low levels by the healthy flora in the gut. When a person is treated with antibiotics and the amount of healthy bacteria is decreased, C difficile may begin to multiply and produce a substance that is toxic and can cause diarrhea. This is known as pseudo membranous colitis. (About.com) The Clostridium difficile bacteria are normally present in the intestine; however, it may overgrow when antibiotics are taken. The bacteria release a powerful toxin that causes the symptoms. The lining of the colon becomes inflamed and bleeds, and takes on a characteristic appearance called pseudo membranes. (A.D.A.M) 15) C. difficile often relapses because it passes through a life cycle in which the actively dividing form transforms itself into the spore stage. Spores are inert and metabolically inactive, so they do not cause disease. At the same time though spores are very tough and are hard to kill even with the most powerful antibiotics. (Publications, 2000-2012) 16) A nonsocomial infection can be spread by cross-infection (from one patient to another), endogenous infection (a patient’s own flora), or environmental transfer (an object being used on a patient that is already contaminated). A patient’s risk may be increased due to age, decreased immune resistance, underlying disease, and therapeutic or diagnostic interventions. (Broaddus, 1997) 17) Clostridium difficile was first described in 1935 as a component of the intestinal flora in healthy newborn infants. The active role of C. difficile in human disease was not recognized until the 1970s when it was identified as the causative agent of pseudo membranous colitis. Additional studies demonstrated that C. difficile-associated disease encompasses a range of disease severity from colitis to toxic megacolon.

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism Introduction This review discusses the motion of kinesin, a double headed motor protein. A study was conducted to determine which of two motion patterns is the one which describes the movement of this protein: the inchworm model, or the hand-over-hand model. What is Kinesin? Kinesin is a protein in a class of motor proteins which are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP – the molecule responsible for transporting chemical energy for metabolism [1]. Kinesin transports large cargo about cells by walking along microtubules, hydrolysing one molecule of ATP per step [2]. It has been proposed than the force of the protein binding to the microtubule propels the cargo along [3]. Kinesin moves to the â€Å"plus† end of the microtubule, meaning it transports the cargo from the centre to the edge of the cell [4]. There is evidence that some kinesins have a role in mitosis (cell division), by separating microtubules or depolymerising them [5]. The Models The inchworm model describes motion with one â€Å"arm† of the protein moving forward, followed by the other, with the first arm always in the lead. There are two types of inchworm motion, symmetric and asymmetric, which are shown in the image below. The symmetric model takes smaller steps, so only one arm moves at a time. Asymmetric motion takes a single step, at the middle of which both arms move. In the hand-over-hand model, alternating arms move forward over each other. In the symmetric case, the molecule rotates in the same direction every time, but in the asymmetric case the molecule rotates in alternating directions. These models are shown in the image below. Main Results The papers main result shows that the kinesin protein moves using an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. To reach this verdict, a variety of single molecule experiments were performed. They established that the individual kinesin dimers make discrete steps at random intervals along the microtubule, and may take as many as one hundred 8 nm steps before releasing. The movement is processive, meaning that the protein can make many consecutive steps without releasing the substrate (the molecule on which it acts – here, the microtubule). This motion exists even when external forces up to several pN are applied, which indicates part of the protein stays attached at all times. The active part of kinesin is composed of a dimer, with two identical heavy chains, each with a â€Å"head† attached to a common stalk. These chains join to a short â€Å"neck† composed of single polypeptide chains. The heavy chains are coiled round each other to allow the rotation necessary for the hand-over-hand model. This rotation is about the neck, but the motion of the heads turning would continue winding, summing until the heavy chains would join into a common stalk, preventing independent rotation. A study was conducted [6] showing that no significant rotation occurs of the stalk during the stepping motion. For a symmetric model, a large rotation (about 180 degrees) was expected in the hand-over-hand models. The basis for the definition of â€Å"symmetric† here was in three dimensions: the structure of the kinesin and microtubule must be identical at the start and end of each ATP hydrolytic cycle, except for the two heads having swapped places [6]. An example of this is simply the dimer rotating half a revolution about an axis perpendicular to the microtubule each step [7], hence the prediction for a rotation of 180 degrees. However this was ruled out, and an inchworm model was proposed. In this, only one of the heads is active in hydrolysis, but the possibility of an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion remained. This would mean that the head and neck move in such a way that the overall rotation of the stalk is suppressed, instead alternating between two distinct structures [8]. How They Were Obtained The step motion of individual native and recombinant (formed in the lab by combining genetic material from multiple sources) kinesin molecules was measured, using optical force-clamp apparatus. This technique uses light from a tightly focussed laser to trap small, polarisable particles in a potential well near the focal point [9]. It was found that the intrinsic stepping rates alternated between two different values for each step, meaning the molecules â€Å"limped†. The difference in steps implies there was an alternation in underlying molecular configurations, meaning the motion could not be fully symmetric (such as the inchworm and symmetric hand-over-hand motions should be). The discovery of the limp, along with other nano-mechanical properties, means the protein moves with an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion. Single molecules of kinesin were attached to microscopic beads, serving as markers for position and as handles for external forces. An optical trap was then used to capture the individual beads that diffused whilst carrying the kinesin, which were placed near the microtubules. This was while kinesin bound and moved. The motion was then tracked using nanometer level precision. A feedback-controlled force lamp was used to apply a constant backwards load during the motion, in order to reduce the Brownian fluctuations and improve the spatiotemporal resolution. It also allowed for the kinesin to move further, taking more steps, in order to show statistical significance. The Results A derivative of Drosophila melanogaster kinesin (DmK401) was shown to have an obvious limp, with large time differences in the steps despite the stochastic nature (and ensuing variability). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the average step times for both slow and fast steps. The durations of the steps were then calculated as Ï„slow = 136  ± 6 ms and Ï„fast = 24  ± 1 ms. The limp factor, L, can then be calculated as the ratio of the mean duration of the slow stepping time to the mean duration of the fast stepping time. The distribution showed significant limping for the majority of molecules, but there was wide variation in the results. 63% of records showed L > 4, and the average was L = 6.45  ± 0.31. Some motors took many runs and had consistently higher limp factors than others, but the distribution was broad and the populations could not be separated of limping and non-limping molecules. Other kinesin molecules, such as the native squid kinesin, showed almost no evidence of limping – the same calculations were applied as to DmK401, and the times were calculated to be Ï„slow = 90  ± 4 ms and Ï„fast = 54  ± 2 ms. The difference is much smaller than that for DmK401. The limp distribution was also found to be narrower, with the average limp factor being L = 2.23  ± 0.14, only slightly higher than the estimated value for a non-limping molecule, L ~ 1.8. The test was then done with kinesin derivates of Drosophila which had increasing stalk lengths. Longer stalks mean the motors are less likely to limp. The largest stalk tested was that of DmK871, and this had a limp factor of L = 2.16  ± 0.17, which was indistinguishable from native squid kinesin. There was also a correlation between an increasing limp factor (therefore shorter stalks) and an increase in characteristic lifetime of the slow step time, whereas the fast step remained invariant. This suggests the limping comes from one head alone, and the other is indifferent. A bacterial expression of a derivative of human kinesin (HsK413) also limped, with limp factor = 2.98  ± 0.25, much greater than the native squid kinesin, but still less than DmK401 and DmK448. Rarely, squid kinesin molecules seemed to limp, making outliers – some of which limped consistently. Discussion As both native and bacterially expressed dimers from different species can limp, this behaviour may be a result of a common mechanism describing how all kinesin molecules move. The alternation between short and long step times during limping reflects an alternation between the intrinsic rate (the rate with which the population increases) and the time it takes to leave each phase where neither head is moving. This implies the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex is different at the end of sequential steps. The mechanism describing the movement of kinesin must therefore be asymmetric, meaning the molecular configuration switches after each step. Symmetric mechanisms, by definition, cannot account for switching – inchworm models will not limp without additional (asymmetric) features, nor will symmetric hand-over-hand models. The detail of how kinesin motors move is not well known or understood, so we cannot look at how limping could relate to the structure of the motion, but there are some suggestions based on the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. Limping could be caused by misalignment of the stalk coils, meaning the necks would be different lengths, hence the head with a shorter neck would need extra time to find the next binding site using a diffusional search and overall slowing the kinetics. Another option is that there could be over- or under-winding of the coils from hand-over-hand motion, causing torsional asymmetry. The energy required to coil or uncoil the stalk would be reduced, changing the equilibrium and the rate with which the head moves forward. Whilst there is no immediate explanation for the effect whereby the shorter stalks result in longer slow stepping times, it may be incorporated into later studies with further assumptions. However, these experiments have shown that more approaches are needed for single-molecule experiments to answer these questions. Despite the exact mechanism not being known, the experiments do show that the kinesin motors limp, and making the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism the most likely. Why is this Significant? This is a breakthrough in the field, as more detail can now be found on how biological motors move. By establishing how kinesin moves, other motors can be analysed to find their mechanisms for movement, and this helps to further our understanding of biology. The same experiment can be done with other proteins, or more experiments can be done with kinesin to better understand certain factors – for example, why the slow stepping times correlate to shorter stalks, or why limping appears to come from one head only. What Other Work has Been Done? Whilst many similar experiments have been conducted, this has improved the knowledge of kinesins movement by showing that the inchworm model does not apply. It has opened up avenues for either looking deeper into kinesins movement, or for finding the mechanisms for other motors. The experimental method used was also new, and was different from the previous study by Hua, Chung and Gelles [6], which was researching something similar. Hua, Chung and Gelles looked at the rotations in the movement of kinesin, with the null hypothesis of a symmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. This was done by immobilizing a derivative of Drosophila, and measuring the different orientations of the microtubules as it moved. Their findings were consistent with the inchworm model, which is why it was proposed initially. Conclusion The kinesin mechanism is now better understood than before, with more information gained in explaining the mechanism. This has presented more factors for consideration and created new questions to answer: the opportunity for further research is huge. Future experiments could consider different proteins movements, or look deeper into the kinesin mechanism. The discovery is significant as it has not only given more insight into biological motors, but revealed ample possibilities for more experiments in the field. Acknowledgement This review was written primarily based on the work of â€Å"Asbury, C L et al. 2003. Kinesin Moes by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism. Science. 302(2130).†, with all numerical values and the majority of content based on the paper, unless otherwise stated. References [1] Knowles, JR. 1980. Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions. Annual Revue of Biochemistry. 49, pp.877–919. [2] Schnitzer MJ. 1997. Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step. Nature. 388(6640), pp.386–390. [3] Mather, WH and Fox RF. 2006. Kinesins biased stepping mechanism: amplification of neck linker zippering. Biophysical Journal. 91(7), pp.2416–26. [4] Ambrose, JC, et al. 2005. A minus-end-directed kinesin with plus-end tracking protein activity is involved in spindle morphogenesis. Molecular Biology of the Cell . 16(4) pp.1584–92. [5] Goshima, G and Vale, RD. 2005. Cell cycle-dependent dynamics and regulation of mitotic kinesins in Drosophila S2 cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 16(8) pp.3896–907. [6] Hua, W, Chung J, and Gelles, J. 2002. Science. 295, p.844. [7] Howard, J. 1996. Annual Revue of Physiology. 58, p.703. [8] Hoenger, A et al. 2000. Journal of Molecular Biology. 297, p.1087. [9] Greenleaf, W J et al 2005. Physical Revue Letters. 95, 208102.

The Meaning Of Trust | Philosophy

The Meaning Of Trust | Philosophy When trusting someone or something, and you are able to build confidence in that object, allowing yourself to be less guarded around it, and allow it to influence us. A dictionary definition of this would be enabling other people to take advantage of your vulnerabilities-but expecting that they will not do this. So how does this compare with how we objectify our emotions? Is it something that can be characterized that something that is able to be trusted? Of course, because our emotions are closely linked with our characters, they feed off of who we are as people. It is seen as immature or undeveloped to allow emotions to influence you in any immense way, and this is why someone would even question arise this question. What is meant by the pursuit of knowledge? Emotion as a way of knowing Because of its ambiguous nature, it can be very hard to define emotions. Even more challenging would be to distinguish it from other sensations such as a temporary mood, or permanent sentimental trait. So with all these other terms in mind, emotion can be defined as the manifestation of the sensations we feel in reaction to our environments and situations around us, that linger for a long period of time. An easy example such as being told unfortunate news or discover something joyful can make us feel different sensations of sadness or happiness. So if these sensations we call emotions are so accurate with the occurrences we face daily, why even question its reliability? Because we, as human beings have also been taught something that would not be considered as natural as the feeling of emotions; we have also been taught morality. The ability to distinguish what we believe is ethically right or wrong, regardless or our instinctive urges, is what makes us different than other forms of life, and the reason we are even able to ask this question. We combat with ourselves in order to achieve goals, defeat lifes trials, and to pursue knowledge. So, maybe the reality of the question is, is it even possible to know when to trust emotions? Or else it may be trying to explain that emotions have limited value for knowledge acquisition if any at all. Emotion as a value judgment Thesis Statement I believe there has to be some instances when we are able to trust our emotions when we are trying to acquire knowledge. Emotions are just a display of the biological responses we has humans experience. Emotion is also as one of the ways of knowing in the IB theory of knowledge. History Define History *Use TOK Definition Genocide Historical event which arises the universal consciousness Rwanda WWII Germany Cambodia UN The World An emotional attachment with the consciousness The knowledge of the laws created due to and for genocide was created due to an emotional response. Also link the genocide information with pain for H.S. Human Sciences Definition human science *use TOK Definition The bodys natural Awareness to diseases and pain The emotions that are felt due to them The Arts When we think of The Art as an area on knowledge, we seem to think of it as one of the areas that is linked closest with emotion. When trying to gain knowledge in the Arts, the use of emotion is fundamental to understanding the pieces and the intentions of the artist. However with knowledge of human emotion, it is easy to understand how the intentions of the artist can be lost in the response of the spectators that view them. Our emotions during viewing different forms of the arts, such as music, literature or drama change with each person, because each person interprets the art differently. This can be seen with an example through music. Recently there has been a revolution of a new age brand of music called dub step, which can be described as a form of electronic music characterized by heavy baselines. Many people find this type of music annoying and irritating, and characterize with dark, negative emotions. Others enjoy it because they experience the music as a stress reliever, because they perceive the beats as melodious and peaceful a way to and an almost cathartic experience happening. Associating these emotions with the people that enjoy this form of music, people make judgments about the dub step audience, our emotional judgment of people; you would say that it had given aid in the process of gathering knowledge. But the stereotype that these persons are placed into, gives a hasty generalization, therefore misleading knowledge. Summary When we, as the knowers question our ability to trust our emotions in the pursuit of knowledge, what we are really trying to discover is, as humans, do we believe that our personalities and human faults allow us to not only discover new aspects in the world around us, but A higher awareness about ourselves or our they just obstacles that we have to overcome. A way to know when our emotions can benefit our pursuit of knowledge is when we are consciously aware that our emotions influence that search. To know if an emotion will lead us down a negative or positive path in our quest for information, can be judged on a persons level of emotional intelligence. Emotion intelligence can be understood by describing it as, a persons ability to monitor and control instinctive and natural urges brought out of us by our emotional state. An easy example to demonstrate emotional intelligence would ask a person to distinguish which emotions were being portrayed on anothers face. But even with such te sts, it is difficult to give an empirical value to something as inexpressible as emotional intelligence. Closing Argument Counter Argument Emotions less valuable than reason as a way of knowing? ^Prove Counter Wrong^ the same level of value as a way of knowing Conclusion In Conclusion, by saying that we should not allow our emotions to influence the pursuit of knowledge is to ask the impossible. As human beings our emotions contribute to the overall motivation in, not only our pursuit of knowledge, but in every endeavor we pursue. I believe it is possible to trust our emotions in every occurrence where knowledge can be gained, but the key is, to not allow your emotions to tamper with the intelligent voice of reason we all have developed due to our moral upbringings. Instead, the emotions will guide in us embracing the more natural inclinations and curiosities that we have instinctively. That is what they are there for. The value of emotion as a way of knowing depends on the kind of knowledge being pursued. If we classify knowledge by sections on the TOK wheel, the value of emotions are very high when concerning issues such as Ethics, The Arts, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. , but other areas that are based mainly off of factual data such as Natural Sciences and Mathematics Aristotle quote Anyone can be angry that is easy. But to be angry with the right person to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose and in the right way that is not easy. Aristotle (384-322BCE)

Theories of Sociology :: Sociology Essays

There are many theories in sociology to get the better understanding of a society. Many things impact an individual’s behaviour, lifestyles, relationship and much more. Technology is one of the many things that affect the people. Internet is used worldwide and we can use sociology to determine what importance and place it holds in the society. To understand this invention and implication the society better, this paper will cover upon the three well-known theories which are’ Conflict, functionalism, and symbolic internationalism theories. There three theories look at the internet from different view point such as from a micro level and macro level. Functionalism focuses on the society as a whole, where as conflict theory focuses on group within that society, and symbol interactional focuses on individuals in the group and society. Thus, the view point changes depending on the population and the perspective. One of the important perspectives is a structural-functionalism. This approach focuses on â€Å"various components of society without prioritizing or assessing their importance to the social system as a whole; in effect all elements of a society are weighed equally† (Naiman, 2004; pp.18). In terms of internet, a functionalist would see the internet as a resource that brings efficiency in the lives of individuals for the reason that it is convenient. It also allows people to interact with one another around the world. A functionalist would ask questions regarding the function of the internet in the society would be: how does the internet help people access their provisions faster? How does it help people acquire knowledge and how can services be accessible to the demanding population? Thus, it mainly considers the benefits for all instead of few individuals. The internet is more efficiently used now a days because it saves one’s time. An individual can spend few minutes online, booking a flight ticket instead of going to the travel agency in-person or calling the customer services and going through a long hectic procedure. As the technology gets advance, it plays even greater role in shaping the lives of the individuals. Also, some people may wish to visit the bureaucracies. However, others may not have the time to visit the offices due to family responsibilities or for other reasons. Functionalist theorist would see a vast benefit when it comes to administrative related online services. It eliminates the waiting list and makes life easier for the citizens and it will take less space in the bureaucracies.

Central America Essay -- Central American History

Central America Central America, just south of Mexico and North of Panama, consists of just six countries; Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Of those six, all share a distinct common history except for Belize. Belize for one is incredibly small, and while Spanish is the official language of other Central American countries, in Belize English is spoken. So throughout this paper as I carelessly say 'Central American' I am not including Belize whose history and development was far different than the others. Although Central America is located close to the United States in relation to the Eastern Hemisphere, our ways of life are indescribably different. When we discuss Poverty in the United States many of us, including myself, don't really know what 'poverty' is. It seems like only a select few are afflicted by it here and programs like Welfare and Food Stamps (with varying degrees of success) seem to lessen the effects. In Central America when one speaks about 'poverty' he/she is including a large proportion of the population. One measure of poverty is the earning power of an individual. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is a measure of income is around $12,000 in the United States. In Central America on the other hand, the wealthiest Country, Costa Rica, came in at just under $2000. Distortion plays a role on the $2000 also, due to the fact the the elite-rich have an enormous concentration of wealth and land ownership, the real GDP of the poorer half of the population is around $200-$400 a year (Pg 10, Booth and Walker). Accompanying poverty or as a result is poor or unavailable education, health care, and an extremely bad job market. Government 'for the people and by the ... ...n't sure how much more aid he could get to Somoza so he pushed for a major offensive. In, 1987, without each side attaining a clear victory, negotiations began. In 1990, Daniel Ortega, a Sandinista was voted out of power to a more conservative , Violeta Barrios de Chamorro. In the end there was basically a stalemate, neither side attained a clear victory. Had the United States not intervened things most likely would have been very different. Our intervention has left a lasting impression on Nicaragua's political and economic situation. In a rebellion which caused " $1.5 billion in property loss, a 2% reduction in the overall population, and years of turmoil " (Pg 68, Booth and Walker) the domestic market was destroyed. No one can say whether our actions were justified or not but it will most likely be on the minds of many Nicaraguans for a long time to come..

Communication implications for quality control, outsourcing and consumer relations Essay

1. INTRODUCTION: Quality control and product safety are key challenges for companies that manufacture in third-world countries. In the event of a safety or quality control crisis, corporations must respond quickly and efficiently using clear crisis communication and image repair strategies. By studying the Mattel recall case, we see how a multinational corporation restored its reputation amongst multiple stakeholders; it also implemented policies and processes to divert or lessen future crises. The lessons learned from Mattel demonstrate the importance of transparent communication practices and may guide companies facing similar communication challenges. The teaching notes will firstly introduce the purpose of the Mattel case study, followed by a brief synopsis. Students will next learn relevant theories and principles from which to understand Mattel’s corporate communication response, particularly strategic crisis communication theory (SCCT) and issues management principles. Students will then compare Mattel’s communication response to the industry best practice principles as outlined by Page and suggest a revised, more suitable and effective course of action. 2. PURPOSE OF CASE STUDY: Upon completion of this case study, students should demonstrate that: 1. Issues develop over time, not overnight. 2. Through environmental scanning, crisis anticipation and strategic communications planning, corporations can minimize the damage done by emerging and sustained crises. 3. Prompt corrective action can remedy the current crisis and avert future crises and criticism–in the event that a crisis recurs. 4. Companies can turn a crisis into a long-term competitive advantage if it is handled properly from the outset. 5. Outside influences may affect a corporation’s image. Communicators must demonstrate preparedness to deal with external effects. 6. In the event of a crisis, a corporation must address (and prioritize) a number of audiences with tailored messages, for example investors, customers, the media, government and the industry. 7. Initial responses to a crisis will remain present throughout a communications campaign, for better or worse, and must be planned carefully. For example, Mattel’s shifted blame to Chinese manuf acturers. This backfired and has remained a controversial point since. 8. Successful cross-cultural communication is essential for corporations operating in foreign countries. 3. SYNOPSIS: Beginning in August 2007, America’s largest toy manufacturer, Mattel, announced the first of what would become a series of five recalls involving 21 million toys. The majority of the recalls were caused by poorly designed magnets fashioned in the United States, while a smaller number were due to toxic lead paint applied by slipshod Chinese suppliers. On the one hand, Mattel’s various publics, such as parents, investors and the government, have harshly criticized the toymaker; on the other hand, analysts and industry experts have praised it for its quick response and stringent safety inspection systems, which are purportedly the industry’s tightest. Regardless, the case draws attention to the quality control challenges facing companies that outsource manufacturing to developing countries. Students, through discussion of the case study and the attached study materials, will analyze the positive and negative approaches of Mattel’s corporate communications res ponse. They will critique the response’s suitability to the level of crisis, and suggest possible alternatives. They will consider the unique communications challenges facing a corporation that operates in an international, cross-cultural arena. 4. TEACHING COMPONENTS: 4.1 Assignments, Activities and Study Materials: Students will read the case before class. They will browse Mattel’s website, paying particular attention to the recall page (http://service.mattel.com/us/recall.asp) and the Investors and Media pages (http://www.shareholder.com/mattel/default.cfm). They should review Mattel’s history, financial information, corporate governance documents and social responsibility pages. For additional information, students should visit toy industry websites such as Toy Industry Association (www.toy-tia.org) or consumer action group sites like Healthy Toys (www.healthtoys.org). Students should carefully read the news releases in the case appendix. 4.2 Relevant Theories: Students must understand the key theories informing Mattel’s crisis and response strategies. Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT): SCCT posits that each unique crisis requires a unique response tailored to the events and characteristics at hand. It is based on convergent research from Coombs, Benoit, Benson and Hearit that aims to minimize or deflect all possible negative outcomes such as lost sales or low stock prices.[?] In order to determine the best strategy, corporate communicators must assess the reputational threat of the crisis. This is a two-step process. The first step is to determine the nature of the crisis.

Bullet Boy: Scene Analysis Essay

Bullet Boy, a 2004 British Social Realism film, directed by Saul Dibb has narrative that portrays a distressing an emotional tale of race, gangs and gun crime London. The film follows the life of a young man named Ricky, who has recently been released from prison, and portrays effect he has on the lives of those around him. The scene I will discuss is a montage between the main character named Ricky, and his friend Wisdom. The scene is about Ricky, planning an escape from his reputation along with his girlfriend Shea, while skating with his little brother Curtis, whom idolizes Ricky. Although, Wisdom is alone in a corner shop, unaware that Godfrey and another of his rivals are destroying his car. One of the most important elements of this scene is the use of crosscutting between both Ricky and Wisdoms narratives. This scene exaggerates the contrasts of their lives and is cut in order to create an underlying foreboding and tension. By adding short clips of Wisdoms tense plot, within Ricky’s longer, more upbeat shots, it drags out and intensifies the audiences’ anticipation as to how Godfrey will take his revenge after he is shown with weapons and an accomplice. The sound throughout this scene is mostly non-diegetic, a soundtrack piece, however diegetic sound can be heard in a discussion between Ricky and Shea. Ambient/diegetic sound is noted during the vandalism of Wisdom’s car, as well as laughter and skates from Ricky’s shots. An upbeat track is used to establish a sense of pace to the scene, while keeping up with the action of the sequence. The music that begins in Ricky’s first shot continues throughout each of Wisdom’s, also known as a sound bridge, thus creating a smoother transaction between both narratives. By using a sound bridge to keep continuity in regards to sound, it makes the action seem uninterrupted helping the audience follow. The scene begins with a close up Ricky conversing with his girlfriend. Over the shoulder and close up shots are used to increase audience involvement with the characters. Seeing the characters close up gives the viewers a greater understanding of their emotions, while also helps to establish the position of each character, and give the feel of looking at one character from the other’s point of view. After their discussion a pan shot of Curtis is shown as he skates towards the glass. This keeps up with the speed that Curtis is going, consequently keeping him in the centre of the frame, making him the main focus of this cut. The scene then cuts to a medium-long handheld camera shot of Ricky and Shea entering the ice rink, and this is where the non-diegetic music starts to play. Many medium and long shots of the couple are used throughout the scene, through this the viewers gain a better understanding of how strong their relationship is by seeing the majority of their body language, e. g. holding hands and laughing. Handheld camera shots also express a certain kind of realism, and can make the audience feel as though they are part of the scene, rather than viewing it from a frozen position. After a few cuts shown of the three on the ice, the scene cuts to the first shot of Wisdom. The lighting and scenery change dramatically and also Wisdom’s body language in the way he is walking, giving a sense of uneasiness. The medium shot also reinforces the tension as it suggests the intensity of the drama. Subsequent to this, another few handheld camera shots of the ice rink are played, which then cuts to a short clip of Wisdom in a corner shop. As Wisdom picks up the Pot Noodle a focus pull is used, focusing from the Pot Noodle onto Wisdom himself. This is done to subtly direct the viewers’ attention to a specific part of the screen. Further medium and long handheld camera shots are taken of Ricky, Shea and Curtis before it again fast cuts to Wisdoms narrative, this being Wisdoms final and longest shot in this sequence. A two shot of Godfrey and an associate come into frame, the use of a medium shot on the first character, then cuts to the second, intensifies their stern emotions, making the audience aware something potentially grave is going to happen to Winston. Cut to a medium-long handheld camera shot of Godfrey, and it is now very clear that they are holding baseball bats and are about to destroy the car. The clip fast cuts between both characters adding to the action, while changing the viewer’s perspective and seeing the event unfolding from all angles. The scene cuts to a long shot of Wisdom in the store, confirming that Wisdom is still unaware, while adding to the suspense. Shots of Godfrey and his partner again follow, fast cutting between the two on either side of the car. Fast cutting in this energetic clip gives the scene a sense disarray and urgency. Both characters then exit the scene. The soundtrack music then ends indicating the climax of action has passed as it cuts to Ricky and Shea laughing on the ice. While this scene clearly ends on a high note for the couple as they embrace each other, the same can’t be said for Wisdom as it cuts back to him finding his car vandalised. Through his choice of editing, camera angles and sound, Dibb makes this sequence a pivotal scene in the film. Its underlying tension and contrast to both Ricky’s and Wisdom’s lives suggest that Ricky and Shea’s plans will not be followed through.

Checks and Balances Essay

This essay will discuss the Constitutional principle of Checks and Balances. It will explain the concept and effectiveness of the separation of power. As an example, the case of Brown v. The Board of Education will be used to explain the concept and effectiveness of the separation of power. Brown v. The Board of Education is a famous case that ended segregation in schools in 1954 during the Civil Rights Movement. First, lets start with what the definition of Checks and Balances is as it pertains to the Constitution. The definition according to Merriam-Webster is: â€Å"a system that allows each branch of a government to amend or veto acts of another branch so as to prevent any one branch from exerting too much power. †. The legislative power is vested in the Congress, the executive power rests with the President and the judicial power is granted to the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Each branch of government has separate and particular powers as listed in the Constitution, each branch is also given the power, duty and ability to control and balance the other(s) in a system of checks and balances. The Constitution grants all legislative power to the Congress. The Congress is bicameral and a bill has to pass both houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. In this way the houses check and balance each other. Both the executive and the judicial branch check and balance the Congress’ legislative power. Although only the Congress can make laws, the President has the power to veto bills, in which case the bill can only pass with a 2/3 majority in both houses. Finally, if the Congress and the President agree on a law, the Supreme Court has the power of interpreting the laws and a power of review, i. . the Supreme Court can declare a law unconstitutional and therefore void. As chief administrator the President is required to see that laws are carried out, to enforce existing politics and to managing the bureaucracy. The president nominates the heads of the executive branch’s departments, but these appointments are subject to the Congress’ approval. The constitution makes the president and Congress share powers in matters such as foreign policy and the US armed forces. In the case of Brown v.  The Board of Education, the legal defense of Oliver L. Brown stated, â€Å"the discriminatory nature of racial segregation †¦ â€Å"violates the 14th amendment to the U. S. Constitution, which guarantees all citizens equal protection of the laws,†. Because of this Brown v. The Board of Education laid the foundation for shaping future national and international policies regarding human rights. At the time, the state of Kansas had segregated schools, meaning that black and white children could not go to school at the same place. At the end of the case, Brown and his legal defense had argued that it was not fair to the children because they may or may not get the best education if they were segregated. The United States Supreme Court ruled that no state should segregate any child in public schools. White and Black children would go to school together and be offered the same rights. Anything less would be unconstitutional. This is a perfect example of how the state legislature was overturned by the Supreme Court and they were able to keep a check and balance on each other. The state of Kansas did not have a law stating that the schools must be segregated, but they also did not have a law saying that they couldn’t be segregated. The Browns first took their case to the state in 1951. After the case was dismissed, Brown and four other lawsuits made an appeal to the United States Supreme Court were the state ruling was overruled. The Supreme Court had checked and agreed that it was a violation of the Constitution to segregate schools. To this day, a public school can not discriminate against any child, black or white, male or female, smart or special ed. The decision made by the Supreme Court was a unanimous ruling that was issued on May 17, 1954. At that time Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote that â€Å"segregated schools are not equal and cannot be made equal, and hence they are deprived of the equal protection of the laws. † He continued, â€Å"We conclude that in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. †. Thank goodness for checks and balances, without them, the country would be a much different place to live.

Queer Theology

Queer theology Definition Queer is by definition whatever is at odds with the normal, the legitimate, the dominant. There is nothing in particular to which it necessarily refers. It is an identity without an essence. ‘Queer' then, demarcates not a positivity but a positionality vis-a-vis the normative A â€Å"pro-feminist gay theology† was proposed by J. M. Clark and G. McNeil in 1992, and a â€Å"queer theology† by  Robert Goss  in  Jesus acted up: A gay and lesbian manifesto  ( Explain two of the main contributors to feminist theology Elizabeth Stuart (born 1963)Professor Stuart was consecrated as a Bishop in the Open Episcopal Church (a small, independent grouping within the United Kingdom). In 2006 she became Archbishop of the Province of Great Britain and Ireland of the Liberal Catholic Church International. Her published works include: * Gay and Lesbian Theologies: Repetitions and Critical Difference * Just Good Friends: Towards a Lesbian and Gay The ology of Relationships * Daring to Speak Love’s Name * Religion is a Queer Thing * Lesbian and Gay Theologies: Repetitions with Critical Difference Prof Gerard LoughlinGerard Loughlin  BA MA (Wales) PhD (Cambridge) is Professor of Theology and Religion at the  University of Durham,  England. He is the  author  of  Telling God's Story: Bible Church and Narrative Theology  (Cambridge University Press 1996) and  Alien Sex: The Body and Desire in Cinema and Theology  (Blackwell 2004). These works show Stuart moving from a liberationist approach to an approach grounded in queer theory. She now argues that gender and sexuality are not matters of ultimate theological concerns and that the Christian duty is to refuse to work theologically with such categories.His work included: the relationship between God and Israel: Husband to wife. Jesus to the Church, Husband to wife. The Church includes BOTH genders. Therefore man to man in matrimony. He believes that the Churc h is looking at this in a symbolic way rather than facing up to the fact that it is what God/ Jesus wants. He talks of the love between Jesus and his disciples ‘John of Zebedee left his wife/wife to be to follow Jesus whom he loved! ’ There is a question over WHO got married at the Wedding in Cana- was it his disciples? Two men? John and Jesus are said to be ‘symbolically married’.He believes that this is significant when discussing gender roles and biology. A ‘natural kind’ of marriage –woman and man- is a ‘fantasy’ and not realistic. The use of ‘queer’ used to be an insult. It should now offer a sense of pride to Gay people. Is queer theology rooted in the bible It is rooted in the bible as it believes the fundamental concepts of Christian theology – e. g. trinity, Jesus and his resurrection etc It is not rooted in the bible as Scripture begins and ends with the picture of marriage as an institution ord ained by God – designed for the union of a man and a woman in a life-long, faithful, covenantal relationship.This view is affirmed by Moses, Christ and Paul, and has been upheld through thousands of years of Judeo Christian history and tradition. Pro-gay revisionists usually do not even attempt to address God's created intent for human sexuality, but instead twist Scripture and argue against those texts which condemn same-sex behaviour. Link five teachings from the bible that support queer theology * The argument that if God's presence and gifts of love are manifest in a gay-affirming church and in homosexual relationships, it is evidence that God accepts and blesses homosexual behaviour. The argument that â€Å"I'm a born-again believer and I'm gay, therefore homosexuality must be okay† is * The argument that Jesus said nothing about homosexuality in the gospels * Bible translators mistranslated five references to sexual ethics in two different testaments of Scripture . And there is also a possibility that they only mistranslated Scriptures regarding homosexual behaviour. * References to God condemning homosexual behaviour is directed to homosexual prostitutes not to homosexuals as a whole * Love between Jesus and his disciples ‘John of Zebedee left his wife/wife to be to follow Jesus whom he loved! John and Jesus are said to be ‘symbolically married * There is a question over WHO got married at the Wedding in Cana- was it his disciples? Two men? How does queer theology link with liberation theology? Queer Theology is grounded in Liberation Theology that respects the experiences of those who have been systematically alienated and abused by the traditional religious establishment. It is imperative that lesbian and gay Christians embrace the hermeneutics of suspicion and interpret scriptures accordingly. The queer Christian community must live within church structures in light of being a part of the underside of society.A large part of the mission of Queer Spirituality is to challenge doctrinal and theological imperialism that has infiltrated many churches. Queer Theology has no choice but to help build the Reign of God by seeking to destroy unjust and oppressive ecclesial structures and teachings. Queer Spirituality has no choice but to fight the battle for God’s justice with righteous anger and speak the truth in the mist of adversity and strife. Queer Theology must work for freedom and liberation by waging a spiritual battle against domination, control, power, and abuse of church authority by confronting distorted beliefs about lesbian and gay Christians.Queer Spirituality is a call to reject churches that hijack human dignity and freedom in the name of religion. Queer Theology can only embrace a spirituality that cultivates honesty, healing, affection, compassion, and justice. Queer Spirituality can only be authentic when seeking to cast out the demons of poverty, injustice, racism, violence, prejudice, exploitation, or homophobia in any form — whether they are within us, our government, or our churches. While formulating a Queer Spirituality, lesbian and gay Christians need to dig deep into, appreciate, and learn from a noble and splendid Hebrew-Christian heritage.Queer Christians must draw from this heritage the strength to believe that the God of compassion and mercy always conquers and triumphs over the evil of homophobia, hatred, and bigotry. Queer theology basics conclusion – * Queer theologians wanted to construct a theology which came directly from their own context * ‘queering’ involves a re- interpretation and definition of our language and practices from the perspective of homosexual people * Queer theology is closely related to philosophical and socio political movement of queer studies

Link Between Academic Success and a Students Perceived Self-worth Essay

Link Between Academic Success and a Students Perceived Self-worth - Essay Example There is a vast body of research on the intricate link between academic success and a student’s perceived self-worth. There is also a large amount of research detailing how the dynamics of student-teacher interactions play a key role in the formation of self-worth by these same students. However, Fay and Funk (1995) point out that educators only have access to the formation of such perceptions when providing feedback to behavior. Schroeder (n.d.) points out that feedback also involves the methods by which the educator communicates correctness of student responses to academic questions. Jim Fay’s (1995) discussion of three major teaching styles reminders readers that feedback sends not only the overt message of the words used but the covert messages of tone, actions and general body language. Of the three teaching styles - helicopter, drill sergeants, and consultants – it is the consultant teacher who embodies the overt and covert â€Å"messages of personal worth , dignity, and strength† (Fay & Funk, 1995, p. 197). When looking to the strategies employed by consultant teachers, it becomes obvious that these can be used with all teaching styles to provide corrective feedback in a whole instruction setting. First, educators should make sure the questions being asked are of appropriate difficulty and cognitive levels while being stated as clearly as possible. Schroeder (n.d.) suggests that questions dealing with new material should be such that 80% of the responses given are correct and 90+% for review materials. Educators may find that low-level questions that ask what, where, and who are best for this. Such pedagogical procedures will promote self-esteem as well as momentum needed to progress with instructional activities. Students will then be more willing to work for answers to higher order questions dealing with the why and how. Secondly, teachers should react to responses in such a way as to encourage student answers. Quick, certain responses that are correct need only affirmation that they are indeed correct. Correct but hesitantly given responses need the affirmation of correctness as well as praise and perhaps a short review of why the response is correct. Incorrect responses that are due to a careless error need only a quick reference to the error and time for the student to be allowed to provide the correct answer. Incorrect answers based on a lack of knowledge should be met with prompts and hints that may engage the needed information. Clarifying, rephrasing, or even changing the difficulty level may also assist these students (Schroeder, n.d.). Educators should provide students with every opportunity to get a correct answer but should not prolong the experience once it becomes obvious that the student lacks the knowledge needed. Third, instead of issuing orders teachers should present expectations as a challenge of something the student can and will do - positive expectancy. There are many procedures that will engender such an atmosphere. However, students sometimes resist the challenge even though a sense of positive expectancy has been created. Effective teachers will continue to work with the student and try to help him identify how to meet the expectation.Such teachers are engaging in tenacity (Saphier & Gower, 1987). Tenacious teachers engage in a "no excuses" policy. In this procedure the teacher will ask why the student is unable to meet the expectation. She will then refuse to accept such excuses. Work may be sent back to be done over; supplies may be procured and provided to the student; help and individual instruction may be offered more often; and eventually the consequences of the performance - superior, adequate, or poor - will be given without anger (Saphier & Gower, 1987).

The Potential for Performance Management to Contribute to Essay

The Potential for Performance Management to Contribute to Organizational Effectiveness - Essay Example (Kazemek, Edward A. Glime, Rebecca, 1989) A performance management process is a process by which these things will take place in a systematic, consistent, persistent, patient, and comprehensive fashion throughout the organization. An organization's management process must both manage what gets done, as well as how those things get done (Sink, D. S. 1987). For example, the management process must make sure plans are developed, and that the process by which plans are developed is constantly improving; the management process must make sure services and products are delivered on time, and that the processes by which those goods and services are developed is constantly improving. The process by which an organization's management team accomplishes constant performance improvement in all aspects of the business must be given at least equal emphasis to the process by which the organization gets products and services out the door on time.

The Duties Owed by Agents to their Principals May or May not be Essay

The Duties Owed by Agents to their Principals May or May not be Dictated by the Express Terms of the Contracts Between them - Essay Example (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. De Busccche v Alt (1878) 8 ChD 286 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Headley Byrne & Co ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964) AC 465 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Robinson v Mollett (1875) LR 7 HL 802 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Solley v Wood (1852) in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Turnbull v Garden (1869) 20 LT 218 145 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Turpin v Bilton (1843) 5 Man & G 455 in The Law of Agency, The Law of International Trade and Carriage of Goods. Accessed 2 Nov 2011 Watteau v Fenwick [1893] 1 QB 346 in University of London External Programme Accessed 2 Nov 2011 Weigal l& Co v Runciman & Co (1916) 85 LJKB 1187 in Munday Roderick and Munday R.J.C. LJKB 1187 Agency; Law and Principles (2009) Oxford, Oxford University Press The duties owed by agents to their principals may or may not be dictated by the express terms of the contracts between them Agency is an exception to the doctrine of privity in a contract in that a principal is bound by all acts of his agent by virtue of an agreement between him and the agent. Both law and specific terms of contract between them govern the duties owed by agents to their principals. Although a contract of agency is subject to the same rules as in any other contracts, there are certain terms implied such as fiduciary relationship between the principal and the agent which gives rise duties owed to the principal by the agent and rights he can exercise against the principal. In addition, a type known as ‘commercial agent’ also is subject the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 pursuant t o European Union Law dealing with termination of agreement in respect of self-employed agents who arrange contracts for the sale or purchase of goods. As per these regulations, a duty is cast on the agents to act ‘dutifully and with good faith’ which term cannot be contracted out by a separate contract between them. Even in the case of gratuitous acts of an agent where there can be no contractual obligations, the agent has fiduciary duties which cannot be avoided merely because of lack of consideration. He will also be liable under torts. In Watteau v Fenwick (1893), hotel owner was held liable for the price of cigar bought by the manger who had been instructed not to buy other than mineral water and beer. This decision is still controversial since the agent acted against the instructions though the supplier assumed that the manager was the owner (Reddy & Johnson, 2011) (Sealy, Hooley, & Hooley, 2008). An agent’s duties regardless of the contractual terms between him and the principal are as follows. Duty to obey All lawful instructions of the principal must be obeyed by his agent. He should not also exceed his authority. This is applicable to both paid and gratuitous agent categories. However, if the instructions are not

Sickle-cell anemia and malaria Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sickle-cell anemia and malaria - Essay Example In other words, there are some natural selection traits that favor sickle cell-anemia allele in some individuals. Malaria occurs in the tropical zones and is caused by a protozoa transmitted by the anopheles female mosquito. As such, people from an African descent have the sickle cell anemia allele considering that heterozygotes for the allele are protected from malaria while not showing any significant characteristics of sickle-cell anemia. These people can then live to adult age and transfer these alleles to their offspring, which guarantees the transfer of the allele along the genetic line of individuals, leading to a new gene pool. Therefore, for some recessive alleles that are destructive to the recessive homozygotes, natural selection is an important process through which the heterozygotes of the recessive alleles have to survive (Sabeti, 2008). For instance, when an individual carrying the sickle cell allele is in an area where malaria is not prevalent, having the sickle cell anemia allele does not guarantee any survival advantage. As such, in countries such as United States, there are much fewer cases of sickle cell alleles compared to tropical regions such as in Africa. However, the disease is still reported among people of the African descent, though on low frequencies. This is because, the time required for the allele frequency to reduce significantly to negligible amounts has not passed. With the passage of time, the sickle cell anemia may become extinct in these areas. Application of advanced technologies would ensure individuals are in a position to make better and informed decisions on reproduction, which may help in ensuring extinction of a number of genetic diseases from passing through

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example In addition, the company viewed offering the air service as an innovative and environmentally responsible industry driving at economic and social progress (Rochat, 2007). The fun campaign led by Keller and involving crews and all employees was an innovative way of making their flights a fun to all customers. Another factor behind the success was the cost cutting strategies which included contracting fleet maintenance and fuel supplies, fewer than average operators and crews in all its services, and the no frill policy was a different approach that ensured the company minimized its costs. Morrison (2001) elaborates how the low cost Carriers had to adopt some of the strategies used by Southwest to cut costs. Making employees as part of a larger family of Southwestern Airlines was perhaps the largest asset that the company utilized to succeed in the market. Brueckner, Lee & Singer (2012) elaborate one of the main characteristics of LCC as cutting costs while still charging very low fares compared to major airlines. The 10 to 15 turnaround therefore ensured Southwestern airline maximum usage of its fleet while carrying a below average or average number of customers per trip. In addition, the high turnaround ensured the business class customers could effectively use the company due to reliability, speed and effectiveness of reaching these destinations, including the ability to acquire a ticket in the airline’s gates and board the next flight to their destination. The high turnaround therefore translated to more customers due to reliability, and effectively utilizing the fleet, which increased the company’s profits. One of the challenges faced is flooding of other low cost carriers in the market with better services, the threat of terrorism rapidly increasing in air transportation making the turnaround required difficult to maintain, and rising fuel costs that may increase its operating costs in addition to the tantrums in global economy. According to