Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essay Example

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixon’s First Inaugural Address 1: The communication was a speech delivered at the White House for Nixon’s presidential inauguration. 2: January 20th, 1969. 3: Richard Nixon, President of the United States 4: The audience was the American people and other nations that had a relationship with the United States. 5: â€Å"The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons Americathe chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind. This is our summons to greatness. I believe the American people are ready to answer this call. † Nixon’s inaugural speech highlighted ending the Vietnam war and closing the Cold War in order to make the world a more secure place. This speech opened Nixon’s presidency as well as opened his foreign policy and goals for his administration. : The importance of this speech is that it shows what Nixon’s ideals were for the nation, that he focused on lofty goals that were clearly influenced by Cold War era thinking and the Vietnam war. The speech also portrays Nixon’s skills as a politician and someone who was aware of the nation’s concerns and knew how to settle those concerns. It also followed the tradition of inaugural speeches of promising a lot of things and being inspiring and hopeful. : It was written to ope n Nixon’s presidency, and to set the tone for his tenure as well as the direction the United States would take in regards to foreign relations. 8: A lot of the United States’ concerns were involved in Vietnam and ending the unpopular war. And it was a popular belief that government was playing too big of a role in people’s lives, which he addresses when he points out that government has spent more money and run more programs than ever before. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He says that to improve the country every individual needs to be involved instead of just government bureaucracies. 9: In the entire speech Nixon hints that ending the Vietnam war would bring peace to the world and that national morale would improve, but how could ending one war in one country improve foreign relations so substantially? Did he really think that ending the war in Vietnam would make the world noticeably more peaceful, or did he mean just the United States and Vietnam?

Quality of Life Essays

Quality of Life Essays Quality of Life Essay Quality of Life Essay In general, quality of life or also known as SOL Is Identified as a quality of an individuals daily life. This Includes his or her emotional, social and physical well beings. The factors that play a major role In the quality of life vanes based on a persons choices. This usually Includes family life, Job satisfaction, education, health and safety. A financial decision often Involves a trade-off whereby the quality of life Is decreased so that an individual can save money or the quality of life is increased when an individual spends more money. Even though there are many factors that an influence the quality of life, in this assignment however we will be focusing on four major components that we feel are most crucial and they are: health, education, income, and housing The first factor of quality of life is health. Its a logical reason whereby eating healthy foods and exercising will help maintain the physical quality of your life. However due to some economy challenges, some people cannot afford to eat healthily. Consuming fruits and vegetables are a lot healthier than consuming fast food, but they are a lot more expensive. Plus, most people with low wages cannot afford to Join a gym to exercise. By regularly vaulting doctors, It can help Individuals to be aware of their lifestyle that needs adjustments. With todays health care debate on the political hot list, the economics of health care cant be Ignored when considering the quality of life problems. Medical cares are meant for those individuals who can afford health insurance rewards or have it offered by their employers. Due to the lack of health care, it can lead to illnesses or diseases that can influence the quality of life. For example, if cancer can be detected early it can help be treated if not then t could mean death. Higher life expectancy is usually related with higher healthcare spending per individual, although many other factors such as education, lifestyles, and environmental factors can have a major affect on life expectancy. The second factor of life Is education. Education is very Important especially for young children because this Is the time when they are still young that their minds are open and teachable. Plus, Its their time of life when they view things Innocently. A well- educated and well-skilled population Is Important for a countrys economic and social ell-being. Education plays a major role in providing individuals with the knowledge, skills and experiences needed to participate efficiently in both society and economy. Having a good education significantly improves the chances or possibilities of finding a Job and earning enough money. Based on COED countries, 83% of people with university-level degrees have a job when compared with 55% for those with only a secondary school diploma. It is also said that lifetime earnings may also increase with each level of education. The third factor of quality of life is income. They say money Anton buy happiness however it is important when it comes to achieving higher living standards. Having a sufficient amount of Income for you and your family will help you live more comfortable. Higher economic wealth means improving the quality of health care, education and housing. According to Phosphor. Com, As Income decreased from $75,000, respondents reported decreasing happiness and Increasing sadness and stress. The data suggest that the pain of lifes misfortunes, including factor to quality of life is housing. Housing is one the most important property of peoples lives. It is one of the basic and essential needs for us human. Housing provides a place to sleep and rest where everyone can feel safe and have the privacy and comfort of their own personal space. It is a place where families are raised. Without proper shelter, people cannot meet their basic needs and participate in everyday society. The number of rooms in a house divided by the number of individuals living there, shows whether residents are living in crowded environments. Overcrowded housing can cause a negative impact on both physical and mental health, and can also affect relationships with others and the development of hillier. In addition, dense living conditions are usually a sign of inadequate water and sewage supply. For this assignment we chose Australia, Turkey and Brazil. We compared each country with each other based on the quality of life (health, education, income, and housing) and we ranked them accordingly (from high to low). Australia came first ranked and then Brazil and lastly Turkey. Australia Brazil Turkey Health *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years *93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 73 years 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water *Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 75 years *60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water Education *74% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high- school degree * The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences *43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences *32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree * The average student in Brazil scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences Income The average household is 31 197 USED a ye ar The average household is low Housing 90% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 82% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. 67% of people satisfied with their current housing situation. Housing: In Australia, 90% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is more than the COED average of 87%. The households on average spend 20% f their gross adjusted disposable income on keeping a roof over their satisfied with their current housing situation, which is less than the COED average of 87%. In terms of basic facilities, an estimated 93. 3% of people in Brazil live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9%. In Turkey, 67% of people say they are satisfied with their current housing situation, which is much less than the COED average of 87% and the lowest level amongst COED countries. Turkey, the average home contains 1. 1 rooms per person, which is less than the COED average of 1. Rooms per person and one of the lowest rates across the COED. In terms of basic facilities, 87. 3% of people in Turkey live in dwellings with private access to an indoor flushing toilet, less than the COED average of 97. 9% and the lowest rate across COED countries. Education: In Australia, 74% of adults of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is close to the COED average of 75%. Also, 84% of 25-34 year-olds have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, higher than the COED average of 82%. Australians can expect to go through 18. 8 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, more than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Australia scored 514 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is higher than the COED average of 497. In Brazil, 43% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much less than the COED average of 75%. Brazilian can expect to go through 16. 3 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years. The average student in Brazil scored 406 in reading literacy, math and sciences, which is lower than the COED average of 497. In Turkey, 32% of adults between the ages of 25-64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, which is much lower than the COED average of 75% and the lowest rate amongst COED countries. Turkish people can expect to go through 16. 0 years of education between the ages of 5 and 39, less than the COED average of 17. 7 years and one of the lowest in the COED. The average student in Turkey scored 462 in reading literacy, math and sciences, lower than the COED average of 497. Health: Life expectancy at birth in Australia stands at 82 years, which is two years above the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 84 years, compared with 80 for men, a slightly smaller difference than the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 years for men. Australia also does well in terms of water quality, as 93% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is higher than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 13. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, considerably lower than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy at birth in Brazil stands at Just over 73 years, which is seven years below the COED average of 80 years. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 70 for men, close to the average COED gender gap of six years, with a life expectancy for women of 83 years and 77 years for men. Brazil could do better in terms of water quality, as 67% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, which is less than the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO is 18. 3 micrograms per cubic meter, below the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Life expectancy ears and one of the lowest across the COED. Life expectancy for women is 77 years, compared with 72 for men, a slightly smaller gender difference than the average COED gap of six years, with a life expectancy of 83 years for women and 77 for men. 60% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, below the COED average of 84%. The level of atmospheric IMO (small air pollutant particles that are small enough to enter and cause damage to the lungs) is 35. 1 micrograms per cubic meter, which is considerably higher than the COED average of 20. 1 micrograms per cubic meter. Income: In Australia, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is 31 197 USED a year, which is higher than the COED average of 23 938 USED. The average household net financial wealth per capita is estimated at 38 482 SAID, lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. In Brazil, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED In Turkey, the average household net-adjusted disposable income per capita is lower than the COED average of 23 938 USED. Also, the average household net financial wealth per capita is lower than the COED average of 42 903 USED. As a conclusion, Australia is considered to be one of the highest ranking and ranked number one happiest country in the world. And its not hard to see why because they rank tremendously well in health, civic engagement and housing. And also by the looks of other factors such as education and income, Australia is doing pretty well. As for Brazil and Turkey most of their rankings are below than the COED average but Brazil still ranked higher than Turkey in terms of education, health and housing.

Media Coverage on Public and Ethical Concern Essay

Media Coverage on Public and Ethical Concern - Essay Example It made the US government believe in a concept known as the domino theory. The paramount idea in this discourse was that if one Asian nation fell to the leftist ideology of communism, others would quickly follow. Historically speaking, the year of 1954 had seen the Communist forces in the north of Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh, defeat the colonial French rule in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh chartered a policy whereby Vietnam was divided into a pro-American Southern and a communist northern bloc with a demilitarised zone (DMZ) in the middle. Though, Ho Chi Minh had intended to bring the two sections under one government by a common rule of the ballot, it never really happened. On the contrary, the communist forces began a guerrilla war against the south. This tempted the US government to launch a battle in Vietnam in order to curtail what it believed to be the rise of Soviet communism. If from the point of view of Utilitarianism, the ethical doctrine that holds that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility, we make an effort to justify the war, we realise that even then the action of the US government was really uncalled for. The US government's stubborn grit to win the war rose to such a level that even the basic tenets of virtue ethics were debunked. In trying to be utilitarian to their cause, the US army indulged in the horrendous crime of using herbicides in order to defoliate large parts of the countryside. These chemicals played havoc, and still continue to do so, in destroying the landscape, causing hereditary diseases, birth defects and poisoning the food chain. It is estimated that during the years of 1961-1962, the Kennedy administration authorised the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops. Between 1961 and 1967, the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons (76,000 m) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13 percent of South Vietnam's land. In 1997, an article published by the Wall Street Journal reported that up to half a million children were born with dioxin-related deformities, and that the birth defects in southern Vietnam were fourfold those in the north! No amount of utilitarianism can justify this mass killing. Similarly, the war showed how the entire corpus of reason and Kantian deontology was done away with by the US army operation in Vietnam. As General Maxwell Taylor, one of the principle architects of the war noted First, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean war, but this was a different country. Secondly, we didn't know our South Vietnamese allies .... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It's very dangerous. Robert McNamara, Lyndon Johnson's Secretary of Defense, was even more blunt. When asked to comment on his role by the London Observer, he replied "I was wrong! My God, I was wrong! Thus, the war clearly defeated the utilitarian purposes it stood for. Moreover, the fact that it cost the American government more than $120 billion, apart from vehement protests and scorn the world over, illustrates the fact that the Vietnam War was definitely a grave error

Impact of Labour Turnover in the Hospitality Industry on Guest Essay

Impact of Labour Turnover in the Hospitality Industry on Guest Satisfaction - Essay Example The aim was to prove that the hypothesis of acceptance of this culture leads to devastating consequences and that high turnover must be prevented, minimized, and managed. In order to meet the aims of the study, it was necessary to examine the causes and nature of turnover, whether it is considered to be bad or if it is considered to be good and necessary in the operation of companies. Existing arguments were examined as some believe that high turnover is desired in the hospitality industry yet some do not believe it to be a positive thing. Another argument included turnover as a culture of the industry. The Greek market was used as a case study to provide examples and illustrations which proved the writer’s hypotheses and aims. The Greek hospitality industry’s study also allowed the examination, evaluation, and findings of this study. In order to meet the objectives of this study, a literature review was conducted to define high turnover and various aspects of the topic in relation to the hospitality industry. Turnover is when employees stay only for a short time before moving on or becoming dismissed for one reason or another. (D’Announzio-Green, Maxwell, & Watson 2002, quote Barron and Maxwell, 1993, p. 5). â€Å"Turnover is the result of both quits and layoffs.   Thus, some turnover is a result of jobs in one firm being destroyed and jobs in another firm being created  Ã¢â‚¬â€ and hence due to the reallocation of jobs across the economy in response to changes in product demand.   A majority of job changes, however, are because workers reshuffle across the same set of jobs, and this worker reallocation occurs over and above job reallocation,† as written by Lane (2000).   Some hospitality industry sources report that turnover rate is between 100 and 150 percent each year.   This causes poor attitude amongst staff and affects the quality of service and care that is given to the customers.   (Crabtree, 2005.)   It is usually considered to be a bad thing; however, as Stark (2004) states â€Å"research has demonstrated that some turnover is healthy, indeed essential to organizational well being.†Ã‚   Scholtz (n.d.) reports that there are companies who have a turnover rate of ten percent or more and think it is a good thing because â€Å"they are replacing the bottom performers with new people will improve organizational performance.†

Fanon on Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fanon on Africa - Essay Example This national consciousness is perceived as the key to true liberation although some were not convinced because of its actual pitfalls like what happened in Africa. In other words, the formation of liberation movements is not seen as an effective remedy to battle the aftermaths of the colonization period. Post-colonialism writers have significantly explained and offered various ideas regarding the proper ways of gaining back national identity while preventing the continuous unnoticeable acts of colonization. In relation, the book entitled The Wretched of the Earth by Frantz Fanon clearly elaborated these methods (Magaisa). A chapter regarding â€Å"The Pitfalls of National Consciousness† mainly tackled on the aftermaths of the colonial period during which liberation movements for national identity were rampant. Comprehensively, the book presented theories why the African anti-colonial liberation movements emerged after their independence. Frantz Fanon declared that these parties have contributed to the degeneration and destruction of their identity politics rather than gaining back their true independence. The author introduced the chapter with a statement pointing out the relation between colonialism and nationalism. He said that â€Å"the battle against colonialism does not run straight away along the lines of nationalism† (Fanon 148). Fanon further stressed that the â€Å"social and intellectual incapability of the educated class, the absence of unified mass effort, the unprecedented laxity and timidity at the crucial struggling stage of liberation will result to disastrous misfortune† (148) . Likewise, he defined national consciousness as the â€Å"all-embracing crystallization of the innermost hopes of the whole people and the immediate and most obvious result of mobilization† (Fanon 148). In articulating the effects of colonization to the society, Fanon contended that some interest groups are harmful and

Comparison Of Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay

Comparison Of Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay The presentation of the similarities and differences between relational modeling of data and the object oriented modeling of data is of great importance both for data base designers and for users. By being well acquainted with the relational model and by noting the similarities and differences between the two approaches to data modeling, designers will be able to turn into account and to make use of the already acquired experience as an important basis for understanding and learning the methodology of designing object oriented databases. At the time if designers know the similarities and differences between these two approaches they have the possibility to convert a relational model into an object oriented model and inversely Informatica Economica Journal. 01/01/2007; http://c.researchgate.net/images/symbols/icon_thumb_up_grey.png?e59f9 I like this! http://c.researchgate.net/images/symbols/icon_thumb_up.png?e59f9 You like this publication http://www.researchgate.net/publication/26589213_Comparison_of_RDBMS_OODBMS_and_ORDBMS /**************************** What is the difference between odbms rdbms and ordbms? In: Database Programming, JAVA Programming [Edit categories] Data Warehousing Software Industry leading data warehousing Gather maintain consistent data www.sas.com/uk Ads by Google http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/rc_gray1.gif?v=68832http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/rc_gray1b.gif?v=68832 [Improve] http://en.site1.answers.com/templates/icons/abar_a.gif?v=68832 Answer The differences between the three approaches Table 1: A Comparison of Database Management Systems Criteria RDBMS ODBMS ORDBMS Defining standard SQL2 ODMG-2.0 SQL3 (in process) Support for object-oriented features Does not support; It is difficult to map program object to the database Supports extensively Limited support; mostly to new data types Usage Easy to use OK for programmers; some SQL access for end users Easy to use except for some extensions Support for complex relationships Does not support abstract datatypes Supports a wide variety of datatypes and data with complex inter-relationships Supports Abstract datatypes and complex relationships Performance Very good performance Relatively less performance Expected to perform very well Product maturity Relatively old and so very mature This concept is few years old and so relatively mature Still in development stage so immature. The use of SQL Extensive supports SQL OQL is similar to SQL, but with additional features like Complex objects and object-oriented features. SQL3 is being developed with OO features incorporated in it Advantages Its dependence on SQL, relatively simple query optimization hence good performance It can handle all types of complex applications, reusability of code, less coding Ability to query complex applications and ability to handle large and complex applications Disadvantages Inability to handle complex applications Low performance due to complex query optimization, inability to support large-scale systems Low performance in web applications Support from vendors It is considered to be highly successful so the market size is very large but many vendors are moving towards ORDBMS Presently lacking vendor support due to vast size of RDBMS market All major RDBMS vendors are after this so has very good future http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_difference_between_odbms_rdbms_and_ordbms /********************************** OODBMS (Object Oriented Database Management System) Basics http://a323.yahoofs.com/coreid/4ae33e2bid18zul6sp1/zfIn.0szaa93rhgGjKCz5w/103/tn32.jpg?ciAQ2PNBJuqYP1Eh user by Bridewin, on Sun Nov 1, 2009 7:22am PST 2 Comments Post a Comment Read More from This Author  » Report Abuse http://a323.yahoofs.com/phugc/CrYlacFZl0FQ/photos/3e34afb6e0dfef3b7ff88aa6f8a2a63f/ori_667cb5ad1ce04b.jpg?ug_____DU3GDkZ3x OODBMS System An object database (also object-oriented database) is a database model in which information is represented in the form of objects as used in object-oriented programming. Object databases are a niche field within the broader DBMS market dominated by relational database management systems (RDBMS). Object databases have been considered since the early 1980s and 1990s but they have made little impact on mainstream commercial data processing, though there is some usage in specialized areas. When database capabilities are combined with object-oriented (OO) programming language capabilities, the result is an object database management system (ODBMS). Todays trend in programming languages is to utilize objects, thereby making OODBMS ideal for OO programmers because they can develop the product, store them as objects, and can replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the OODBMS. Information today includes not only data but video, audio, graphs, and photos which are considered complex data types. Relational DBMS arent natively capable of supporting these complex data types. By being integrated with the programming language, the programmer can maintain consistency within one environment because both the OODBMS and the programming language will use the same model of representation. Relational DBMS projects using complex data types would have to be divided into two separate tasks: the database model and the application. As the usage of web-based technology increases with the implementation of Intranets and extranets, companies have a vested interest in OODBMS to display their complex data. Using a DBMS that has been specifically designed to store data as objects gives an advantage to those companies that are geared towards multimedia presentation or organizations that utilize computer-aided design (CAD). Some object-oriented databases are designed to work well with object-oriented programming languages such as Python, Perl, Java, C#, Visual Basic .NET, C++, Objective-C and Smalltalk; others have their own programming languages. ODBMSs use exactly the same model as object-oriented programming languages. Advantages: The main benefit of creating a database with objects as data is speed. OODBMS are faster than relational DBMS because data isnt stored in relational rows and columns but as objects. Objects have a many to many relationship and are accessed by the use of pointers. Pointers are linked to objects to establish relationships. Another benefit of OODBMS is that it can be programmed with small procedural differences without affecting the entire system. This is most helpful for those organizations that have data relationships that arent entirely clear or need to change these relations to satisfy the new business requirements. This ability to change relationships leads to another benefit which is that relational DBMS cant handle complex data models while OODBMS can. Disadvantages: Slower and more difficult to formulate than relational. Lack of interoperability with a great number of tools/features that are taken for granted in the SQL world, including but not limited to industry standard connectivity, reporting tools, OLAP tools, and backup and recovery standards. Lack a formal mathematical foundation, unlike the relational model, and this in turn leads to weaknesses in their query support. Applications: Object databases based on persistent programming acquired a niche in application areas such as engineering and spatial databases, telecommunications, and scientific areas such as high energy physics and molecular biology. They have made little impact on mainstream commercial data processing, though there is some usage in specialized areas of financial services.[6][7] It is also worth noting that object databases held the record for the Worlds largest database (being the first to hold over 1000 terabytes at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center)[8] and the highest ingest rate ever recorded for a commercial database at over one Terabyte per hour. Another group of object databases focuses on embedded use in devices, packaged software, and real-time systems. http://shine.yahoo.com/channel/none/oodbms-object-oriented-database-management-system-basics-533483/ /************************************** Observations from a Tech Architect: Enterprise Implementation Issues Solutions by Craig Borysowich  (Chief Technology Tactician) Enterprise Technology Architect Craig Borysowich shares the challenges and achievements of enterprise solution design and more Enterprise Technology Architect Craig Borysowich shares the challenges and achievements of enterprise solution design and implementation. ..less Blog Main  /   Archive  /   Invite Peers   RSSRSS for Posts  /   RSS for Comments Previous Entry / Next Entry Some Pros Cons of Relational Databases Craig Borysowich  (Chief Technology Tactician)  posted  5/1/2008 | Comments  (0) http://images.ittoolbox.com/vt/icons/thumbsup.pngLike (0) Please Sign In or Register to like this blog. Working Share Share The relational model for databases provides the basic DBMS characteristics. In addition, an RDBMS also conforms to Codds model. Relational Database Characteristics Dr. Codd established 12 rules to which a DBMS must conform to be considered relational. DBMSs vary in the way in which they comply with these rules, however, commercial relational databases generally conform to these rules. Strengths of RDBMS Flexible and well-established. Sound theoretical foundation and use over many years has resulted in stable, standardized products available. Standard data access language through SQL. Costs and risks associated with large development efforts and with large databases are well understood. The fundamental structure, i.e., a table, is easily understood and the design and normalization process is well defined. Weaknesses of RDBMS Performance problems associated with re-assembling simple data structures into their more complicated real-world representations. Lack of support for complex base types, e.g., drawings. SQL is limited when accessing complex data. Knowledge of the database structure is required to create ad hoc queries. Locking mechanisms defined by RDBMSs do not allow design transactions to be supported, e.g., the check in and check out type of feature that would allow an engineer to modify a drawing over the course of several working days. http://it.toolbox.com/blogs/enterprise-solutions/some-pros-cons-of-relational-databases-24144 /******************************* The Advantages of a Relational Database Management System ds_0ecbc811-e864-4fed-a7c6-5a46ff28cd3fContributor By Deborah Lee Soltesz, eHow Contributing Writer Article Rating: (0 Ratings)   Email   Facebook   Twitter   StumbleUpon Add to Favorites   Print   Share I want to do this! Whats This? RDBMSs provide user access control and data integrity features. data security image by dinostock from Fotolia.com   RDBMSs provide user access control and data integrity features. A Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is a software system that provides access to a relational database. The software system is a collection of software applications that can be used to create, maintain, manage and use the database. A relational database is a database structured on the relational model. Data are stored and presented in a tabular format, organized in rows and columns with one record per row. Data Structure The table format is simple and easy for database users to understand and use. RDBMSs provide data access using a natural structure and organization of the data. Database queries can search any column for matching entries. Multi-User Access RDBMSs allow multiple database users to access a database simultaneously. Built-in locking and transactions management functionality allow users to access data as it is being changed, prevents collisions between two users updating the data, and keeps users from accessing partially updated records. Privileges Authorization and privilege control features in an RDBMS allow the database administrator to restrict access to authorized users, and grant privileges to individual users based on the types of database tasks they need to perform. Authorization can be defined based on the remote client IP address in combination with user authorization, restricting access to specific external computer systems. Network Access RDBMSs provide access to the database through a server daemon, a specialized software program that listens for requests on a network, and allows database clients to connect to and use the database. Users do not need to be able to log in to the physical computer system to use the database, providing convenience for the users and a layer of security for the database. Network access allows developers to build desktop tools and Web applications to interact with databases. Speed The relational database model is not the fastest data structure. RDBMS advantages, such as simplicity, make the slower speed a fair trade-off. Optimizations built into an RDBMS, and the design of the databases, enhance performance, allowing RDBMSs to perform more than fast enough for most applications and data sets. Improvements in technology, increasing processor speeds and decreasing memory and storage costs allow systems administrators to build incredibly fast systems that can overcome any database performance shortcomings. Maintenance RDBMSs feature maintenance utilities that provide database administrators with tools to easily maintain, test, repair and back up the databases housed in the system. Many of the functions can be automated using built-in automation in the RDBMS, or automation tools available on the operating system. Language RDBMSs support a generic language called Structured Query Language (SQL). The SQL syntax is simple, and the language uses standard English language keywords and phrasing, making it fairly intuitive and easy to learn. Many RDBMSs add non-SQL, database-specific keywords, functions and features to the SQL language.

Ethical Challenge of Protecting Software in Emerging Economies: Copyright Law and Enforcement in Pakistan :: Software Technology Protection Essays

Ethical Challenge of Protecting Software in Emerging Economies: Copyright Law and Enforcement in Pakistan Introduction The United States and Pakistan have similar laws protecting software using copyright and patents despite being at very different stages of economic development. Pakistan has an emerging economy with a per capita GDP of $2000 per capita and a literacy rate of 46%.[i] The US has a more mature economy with per capita GDP of $37,600 and a 97% literacy rate[ii]. Despite having similar laws regarding copyright and patent protection Pakistan has rampant piracy problems not seen in the US. It is estimated that 95% of digital media sold in Pakistan is pirated[iii]. This may be in part due to the high cost of software relative to income compared to US where software piracy exists but is less rampant. This discrepancy raises the question: Is it ethical to apply the same rules to two countries regardless of economic condition and industry maturity and what is the global effect of having the same laws but enforcing them differently? Background Two primary methods for protecting software throughout the world are patents and copyright[iv]. Each provides a different measure of protection. The goal of each is to promote the sharing of new inventions and creative works while ensuring that the developer of the work is compensated. Copyright provides the copyright holder rights to the work for 75 years after creation or 50 beyond author’s death whichever is shortest. It not only protects the actual syntax of the code from being copied but covers structure, sequence, and organization of the program. This is to prevent people from simply rewriting an application in another programming language. Copyright, as applied to more traditional written works such as books and songs provide for â€Å"fair use† by others. Fair use means that others can use a small portion of a copyright protected work without permission for certain reasons such as education or critical commentary. The fair use clause is not really applic able to software because it is rare that a small portion of a computer program would be used in the situations covered by the fair use clause. This is an example of stretching an existing law to cover new technology. Patents protect software in a different way by giving the creator rights to the process performed by the protected program.